Perspective on Color and Race from a Childs Eye Essay

When children come into the world they are not born hating anyone, in fact they are born completely helpless and dependent on another person to care for them. Children are also dependent on others to learn. They come into this world needing to feel protected and loved, so why do we teach them to hate? Why not instead teach them to love? There are many things that will need to change in our society to dismantle racism; however it will need to start with our children. My paper will show who is oppressed, who is oppressing, and will compare and contrast what has happened in history, and to where we will need to start to end racism. I Have a Dream Dr. Martin Luther King in his â€Å"I have a dream speech† stated that now is the time to rise†¦show more content†¦With this theory, it leads many adults not wanting to talk to their children about race because they fear it could lead to putting ideas in their minds (Aboud 2008). When young children do express thoughts of race or being bias, it is often dismissed as either bad parenting, child not knowing what they are talking about, or simply bad behavior in children. Research clearly shows that children not only recognize race from a very young age, but also develop racial biases by age’s three to five that do not necessarily resemble the racial attitudes of adults in their lives (Aboud 2008). Three- to five-year-olds in a racially and ethnically diverse day care center used racial categories to identify themselves and others, to include or exclude children from activities, and to negotiate power in their own social/play networks (Van Ausdale Feagin 2001). Children are motivated to learn and conform to the broader cultural and social norms that will help them function in society. In order to gauge these community norms, children have to gather information from a broad range of sources – not just their own families (Aboud 2008). By the time they are 6 years old, many children are showing in-group favoritism toward their own race, which some have interpreted as a developing prejudice toward people of other racial and ethnic groups (Aboud 2005). If children are showing a preference toward their own raceShow MoreRelatedThe African American Perspective Throughout The Harlem Renaissance1383 Words   |  6 Pages The African American Perspective Throughout the Harlem Renaissance African Americans had to push very hard to be seen and noticed. The Harlem Renaissance was a time where they created beautiful works of art to express the strength that they had. Zora Neale Hurston, author of How It Feels to Be Colored Me, expresses the importance of white people seeing and understanding African American’s pride and history. Augusta Savage creates the sculpture Gamin as a symbol for all African Americans. WithinRead MoreThe Experiment : A Class Divided984 Words   |  4 Pages Children in the experiment: A Class Divided Children in the experiment: A Class Divided In the video, â€Å"A Class Divided,† the video shows a teacher from Iowa named, Jane Elliot who wants to teach her students the importance of discrimination. During her experimentation, she starts off her lesson by asking questions such as, â€Å"What is brotherhood?† â€Å"What is discrimination?† and â€Å"How are we supposed to treat people who look different than us?† Elliot then proceeds to ask her class if they wouldRead MoreSocial Justice Should Be Taught1684 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent races, colors, religions, nationalities and sexual-orientations right here in the United States of America. The United States is becoming more diverse everyday as people travel to America. For this very reason the topic of Social Justice is very significant in today’s society. Children are the future and the place to start when trying to create a better future. Children from very young ages internalize messages about power and privilege with regard to gen der, race/ethnicity, class, sexualRead MoreRelationship Between Nature And Nurture1262 Words   |  6 PagesCrystal Joseph There are 7 major perspectives in psychology. Compare and contrast how these perspectives would explain the relationship between nature and nurture in the psychological development of humans. Nurture versus nature is a common argument on how people psychologically develop. Although some support that innate characteristics are the crucial factor towards how people mentally advance, the environment we live in and the people we are surrounded by does play a significant role in howRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1457 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is concentrated on showing a child’s point of view in a time where many events were happening like the Crow Laws, Great Depression and very much segregation. Scout goes through this time frame believing that everyone is equal and should get equal opportunities. Even through the hard times like Tom Robinson’s case she keeps moving with a positive attitude that everyone is people ,not labeled black or white just people. This would be told very differently if told by Atticus becauseRead MoreWhy Parents Should Adopt Children Of Different Origins Are More Open Minded And A Sense878 Words   |  4 Pa ges1. 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Slavery in the United States began in 1619 when the first slaves were brought from Africa to Jamestown, VirginiaRead MoreThe Radical Groups Of Thinkers1548 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing; Nature (Genetics, biological traits,) versus Nurture (Environmental effects, learning behavior). There are two radical groups of thinkers in which strictly oppose each other, Nativists and Empiricist and with a common interest in mind, their perspective of how a being develops behaviorally and cognitively differ drastically with very few to none similarities. This theory provides the most insight to the mystery that is ourselves. Nativists and Empiricists are radical groups of philosophers, psychologistsRead MoreThe Chain Of Success Is A Symbol Of The Oppression Within Our Own Society Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Chain of Success The Child in The People that Walked Away from Omelas is a symbol of the oppression within our own society. 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Teachers Pay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 757 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/04 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Tags: Teacher Essay Did you like this example? Teachers have an imperative role in our society, they play a major part in the lives of children by assisting them to acquire the knowledge they need.Teachers have always been shaping the future by educating their students with passion and providing support. In our society today teachers don’t get the appreciation, respect and money they deserve.There is a major misconception in our society where we seem to overlook the teacher’s duties and the amount of pressure they face each day. Teachers deserve to be paid a reasonable rate and given appreciation for their hard work .Many people would agree that teachers are relied on to educate and guide their students to the best of opportunities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Teachers Pay" essay for you Create order We extremely depend on teachers to shape children into bright and well educated individuals. People dont get into teaching for the higher pay rates ,but instead they enter this field because of their passion to pass on knowledge and make a difference in children’s lives. Teachers in victoria earn about $60,000in their first year compared to a electricinist who makes up to $80,000 a year which is a very shocking amount. Teachers are expected to teach, provide, support and work outside hours. As our generation continues to grow the demand on teachers skills increases, they are expected to prepare students for the future and counsel them.Teachers use counseling techniques daily and our society fails to realize that they are, an example of this behavior is when students misbehave teachers approach with respect and discuss how they can respond to the situation differently, that is a basic form of cognitive behavioural therapy. Teachers are not trained to counsel students, however they are expected to deal with issues outside their field without proper preparation. As fellow citizens of our country we want the best education for our children, but fail to see the amount of responsibilities teachers are expected to fulfil and how little they are paid, by showing support and understanding of the relevance of teachers in our children’s lives we could make a difference. Teachers are extremely involved in our childrens lives they are anticipated to teach students skills that will shape them into well educated and responsible citizens of our society. A Recent study conducted by the Australian Government in 2014 on the latest figure from the Australian bureau of statistics suggests that 53% of people who hold a teaching degree do not currently work in an education field. This is an outrageous number of teachers leaving the field due to many reasons such as unsatisfactory pay rates, we do not have to make teachers choose between their passion and income. Teachers are not only expected to educate, but also work an absurd measure of hours outside their work hours.Teachers in Australia work approximately 60 hours a week according to a recent survey by the AEU,compared to a physiotherapist who typically works 37 hours a week and gets paid $64,416 annually. We tend to rely on teachers to complete tasks and plan lessons outside their work hours to give our children the best opportunities which in other professions would not be tolerated. Majority of professions in Australia get the appreciation and money for the time spend working over their job expectancy, while teachers feel the duty to work overtime without pay. Teaching isnt as straightforward as it is made out to be, many people assume that teachers have it easy and finish early, but fail to see how teachers go above and beyond their job expectancy to meet students needs and spend countless unpaid hours marking, planning, and counseling students with issues. A large percentage of our society assumes that becoming a teacher is a simple task, requiring few years of training and youre on your way to changing many lives, but the reality is that becoming a teacher requires a lot of time and investment. To become an Australian qualified teacher it requires at least an overall 70 study score and 4 years in Uni. Universities in Australia are extremely overpriced and require a payment of $27,900 it is approximately half of what a qualified teacher would generally make in their first year of teaching. After a person completes their Uni course they are also required to undertake a police background check.A teachers role in our society is extremely i mportant; they educate, support and provide support for our children and their importance needs to be valued and esteemed. As fellow citizens of our country we need to support their hard work and demand for the pay rates they deserve.

The Education System And The Lack Of Education - 982 Words

While reading the research paper, one thing which is clear about the author is that he is someone who understands the need of education for every individual. He understands the importance of education and how it can change someone’s life completely. Throughout the paper, author tries to force the reader to understand the education system and the lacking in it. The author has used many references and is telling people to work hard as it is the key to success, in order to make our country flourish and better than other we have to educate our own people and this is the thinking of the author. My goal in this paper is to bring out the facts and present the reality of the writing of the author. In this research paper, Henderson has come up with a problem which is faces almost by every student in his life, the problem when he wants to study but he is stuck between job and studies, even if he manages the time he gets so tired that he is not able to complete his assignments. But suppo se that he is also done with the assignments and he is working really hard day and night and is making sure that he gives time to his job as well as his studies, he does all this because it’s all in his hands that whether he studies hard or not, he does job or not but at some point he is unable to do anything because it is not in his hands and that is the bills he has to pay for his own studies. The author is capable of bringing facts in the light and aware the readers about those facts. He is tryingShow MoreRelatedWhy Education Systems Has Success, And The Lack Of The American Education System1585 Words   |  7 Pagescurriculum. However, the film was not very thorough when describing the American system and it didn’t show any concrete evidence. As a result, I still had questions about why education systems had success, and the lack thereof in the United States. I started my research by looking at articles about America’s education system. I used the keywords â€Å"American education system,† â€Å"American education spending,† and â€Å"Global education rankings.† An article from the CBS News explained that the United States rankedRead MoreThe Higher Education System or Lack Thereof Essay1941 Words   |  8 PagesThe higher education system (or lack thereof) is not serving the country and its citizens. The increasing number of admission standards, exponential tuition increases, the financing of the cost through loans, and the boasting of turning students away all contribute to rising disparity between the quality of education that upper class families can afford compared to lower and middle income families. The rising costs of higher education in this country are problematic in that they fuel a disparityRead MoreWhy The Government Support Women When There Is A Lack Of Funding For The Education System?1808 Wor ds   |  8 Pages How could the government support women when there is a lack of funding in the education system? Not much money is going directly to the students or teachers. â€Å"Based on direct observation in schools, classrooms and of teachers in different countries of the region, the study concluded that Latin American students lose an average of one day of classes weekly due to teachers’ inefficient use of time† (The World Bank). Teachers have to go about their ways to make the class and lecture engaging with theRead MoreCorrelation Between Lack Of Student Responsibility And Abseentism Within The Higher Education System1309 Words   |  6 Pages In the Dea(r)th of Student Responsibility, written by Holley Hassel and Jessica Lourey, they examine the relationship between student abseentism, grade inflation and the lack of responsibility they see in students. Hassel and Lourey surveyed six hundred and sixty-six students at Alexandria Technical College in west central Minnesota and Five hundred and twenty-nine students at the University of Wisconsin (3). They asked the students a series of questions regarding grades, the responsibilities ofRead MoreInformation Analysis : Chinese Education897 Words   |  4 PagesInformation analysis: Chinese education is to be improved Last year, the Chinese Ministry of Education to introduce new reform of the education system. Although China s education system is the strongest in the world and thought, recent studies have shown that there are a number of drawbacks. The main problem is the failure of Chinese education shedding talented students with great potential. This system emphasizes the ordinary students, and those who do not fit, too frequent cancellation. Why isRead MoreEssay on Public Education in America: Challenges and Solutions1345 Words   |  6 Pagesissues that plague the public education system. Several of the concerning challenges that it faces today are: The lack of familial support or guidance some students receive, the increase in the population of individuals that seem to undervalue the benefit of an education, and the test-centered curriculum structure that is applied in a majority of schools, within the system. There desperately needs to be an engagement of ideas to mend the problems that the education system faces. Not only would it allowRead MoreThe Problems Within The Education System989 Words   |  4 Pagesand the presence it has in education is detrimental to minorities during vital stages in their life. Not only does this lack of education affect obvious things such as a person s future career, but it also affects their psychology and causes them to be more likely to make poor decisions during their life. Not only do you see racism in most levels of education, but you also see it somewhat taught in the classrooms as well. A lot of speculation has been done on education, trying to determine whatRead MoreNecessary Growth: An Exploration of the Blossoming Need for STEM Education 1631 Words   |  7 PagesToday, countries and their education systems are in a mad race to keep up with the world’s technological advances. Unfortunately for the residents of the United States, one of the country’s most debilitating problems is that it is falling behind is the lack of STEM (Science, Technology, Math and Engineering) Education directed towards all students, both male and female, in its school systems. Attempts to remedy this are currently in progress, but the nation has fallen drastically behind other globalRead MoreIndia s Quality Of Education1096 Words   |  5 PagesIndia, statistically, has one of the best school systems in the world. Their enrolment rates, according to UNICEF, a re on average 98.5% and their government outlay in education is the third largest in the world just after the United States of America and China. However, due to a number of factors, India’s education is lacking in quality. This was shown in the international PISA tests in 2009, in which two of India’s states, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh, took part and came 72nd and 73rd respectivelyRead MoreThe Education System Of The United States Fair1591 Words   |  7 PagesIs the education system of the United States fair to everyone ? Although many find it fair, we are living in times when segregation is still part of one of the most important systems that supposed to treat everyone equal, and to provide the same opportunities for academic success. However, there still a big gap, and children in low-income communities are suffering the consequences. I argue that segregation in the education system is harming the low-income communities and putting children that lives

Microsoft- Organizational and Management Process Change

Question: Analyze the issues and constraints faced by the organization that prompted the need for change. Explain the role of the leader in the change management process. Evaluate the implemented change as being sustainable in order to create a competitive advantage. Answer: Organizational change is a revolution which is brought to an organization. However such a change cannot be instilled automatically. Careful deliberations are to be done before implementing any change in the management process. Managers are considered to be the leaders of an organization and it is to be understood that no change is feasible until and unless there is an effective integration between the human capitals, the technologies and the other related resources of the organization (Frost, 2014). The mid of the year 2000 saw that it is a regular feature for all business houses to ensure that timely organizational changes and transformations are a must for their survival in this competitive world. The major change which is required is that of culture. The company may have hired the best possible human capital and the technology installed is also of a high level but the same may not be worthy enough for its cost if the culture of the organization is morose, dull, bureaucratic and do minating in nature (Aguirre Alpern, 2014). One such company which is facing a major challenge with regards lack of proper leadership is Microsoft Inc. The company lacks in the existence of a good corporate culture. There exists a culture wherein people do not trust each other, there are fractions between them and a feeling of animosity due to which all are working for different purpose rather than one single aim of the company as a whole. During the reign of Bill Gates as the CEO, Microsoft has always employed young budding talent who were always on the verge of innovation and were considered to be one of the best employers for 11 long years until the same fell into the hands of a bureaucrat. People were no more rewarded for their work but were highly recommended basis the internal politics. The culture within the organization had become dirty, serious and loutish in nature (Eichenwald, 2012). The culture underwent such a drastic change that instead of crippling the competitors in the external world, employees were more conce ntrated towards crippling their own co-workers since the rewards strategy was formulated like that. These internal thrifts ended up delaying of launch of innovative products which had a dramatic impact on the potential market. All this happened due to lack of leadership quality of Ballmer (Carr, 2013). He led the team by applying the policy of divide and rule within the organization thinking that this would fetch him the best possible results. However the scenario was not as expected. The company, who had not seen any downfall until 1999, started seeing its demise. A company whose stock has just portrayed an upward graph started revealing a perpetual downtrend. All this was due to lack of adequate leadership qualities. However the leadership of Ballmer soon ended after fourteen long years and was taken up by Satya Nadella.In the year 2014, the first step that Satya took to try regain the lost power and market share of Microsoft Inc. was to bring a change in the leadership team. His thinking criterion was very different from the former CEO and he clearly expresses his views to work as a cohesive team with broader viewpoint and also encouraged people to find meaning in the work they undertook to perform. The CEO tried to change the approach of the senior leadership team by emphasizing upon the concept of cohesiveness and unity in work (Yarow, 2013). Satya Nadella has redefined the entire leadership team and the same now comprises of such experienced leaders in different functional areas that he is sure to create the history again which Bill Gates had done during his tenure as a CEO. He has only impressed upon the fact that to work in one sway needs unity, optimism, honesty, commitment, reliance and trust. He describes what happens while we row and the sync that is required for the rowing to happen perfectly. This shows that all the rowers have to work in collaboration to achieve the goal. No one can work in isolation is re-defined by Satya Nadella (Microsoft News Centre 2014). He inculcated the involvement of the employees in the decision making of the company and welcomed their views by giving them opportunities of proposing ideas into various projects. Thus what Bill Gates had done and what Ballmer had destroyed, Satya Nadella is trying to re-instate the loss by carving some of the ideologies put down by Bill Gates again (Bekk er, 2014). Satya Nadella had applied the lessons that he had learnt about leadership during his school times and they seem to work well for the company as well. He knows when to boost up the confidence of the employees and his teams. If he notices any kind of a downward trend then instead of punishing or questioning people he helps them out which boosts their morale. He also concentrated his attention towards instilling the idea of innovation and implementation. He believes that if the employees are given a room to innovate and implement then growth is bound to happen. His leadership stances will lead to sustainable growth story as he focuses on productivity of not only the company but of every individual who is a part of Microsoft and views the company as a single universe with no fragments. His efforts are directed towards flattening the organization structure which was somehow changed into a vertical structure by Ballmer. This will help the flow of information to become more smooth and stead y (Dua, 2016). Although the layoffs that Nadella has to ensure will create some sort of insecurity within the organization, but once the same is complete, he will have to build up the lost confidence of the existing employee base. Nadella has a very good reputation, but the fear the employees have because of the rule of the former CEO has to be eradicated by his efforts to ensure sustainability in his ideas. Thus Satya Nadella is a leader who chooses to be clear with his ideas. He encourages the idea of learning and practices the same in reality. He narrates to its employees that work should not be the ultimate aim of life. They should make efforts to cultivate their hobbies as this will lead to higher productivity at work as well. Unlike Ballmer and like Bill Gates, Satya Nadella focussed upon one Microsoft Culture which believes in working as a single unified family (Ovide, 2014). All the teams were interconnected to each other and made dependent to each other. The goals and aims of the company w ere narrated clearly to the employees so that all are driven towards the same path. His vision is to see where Microsoft was before 1999 but at the same time his vision also entails benefiting its employees as well. This ensures sustenance in the corporate world and that the competitors should also be made aware that Microsoft is soon going to be a part of the corporate race as it used to be during the time of Bill Gates (Eurich, 2014). Therefore it is understood from the above that Microsoft had suffered a huge thunder bolt during the reign of Steve Ballmer who took away the title of the best employer across the globe. However the company under the present leadership of Satya Nadella is again seen steering towards grabbing the old title. This leadership quality of ensuring to change the fragmental culture of Microsoft into that of unity in work will help it to get back its lost customer base, productivity and dedication that the employees had. It will also help to attract better employees which are also the need of the hour. Todays world demands a good corporate culture as well along with monetary gains which can come only if the team is lead by someone who has an attitude of empathy rather than sympathy (Yakowicz, 2014) . Thus on summarizing the above analysis it is understood that to ensure an organizational change to bring revolution, leaders and their leadership qualities play a very vital role. In the modern scenario no organization can work and grow in an isolated environment. They need to ensure all the elements within an organization are integrated in such a manner that the relationship developed is closely knit and trust is imbibed within them. Microsoft had faced the brunt of disintegration under the leadership of Steve Ballmer; however the same is now expected to experience a radical change in the organizational structure, culture and management process. It may be time consuming to mend the loss done by Ballmer but the way Satya Nadella views to lead the team, his far sighted vision and the enthusiasm clearly shows a bright ray of sun which will soon bring a radical change for the benefit of the organization as a whole. References Aguirre, D. Alpern, M. (2014). 10 Principles of Leading Change Management. Retrieved from https://www.strategy-business.com/article/00255?gko=9d35b Bekker, S. (2014). Nadella Outlines Microsoft Organizational Changes. Retrieved from https://redmondmag.com/articles/2014/07/10/microsoft-organizational-changes.aspx Carr, A. (2013). Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmers Legacy: A Salesman without Product Vision. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/3016371/microsoft-ceo-steve-ballmers-legacy-a-salesman-without-product-vision Dua, K. (2016). How Satya Nadella Rebooted Microsofts Corporate Culture?. Retrieved from https://gadgets.ndtv.com/laptops/features/how-satya-nadella-rebooted-microsofts-corporate-culture-837363 Eichenwald, K. (2012). Microsofts Lost Decade. Retrieved from https://www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2012/08/microsoft-lost-mojo-steve-ballmer Eurich, T. (2014). Why Microsofts Nadella may succeed where Ballmer failed?. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2014/03/11/why-microsofts-nadella-may-succeed-where-ballmer-failedcommentary.html Frost, S. (2014). Barriers and Challenges to Change Implementation. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/barriers-challenges-change-implementation-30842.html Microsoft News Centre. (2014). Satya Nadella announces changes in senior leadership team. Retrieved from https://news.microsoft.com/2014/03/03/satya-nadella-announces-changes-to-senior-leadership-team/ Ovide, S. (2014). Microsoft CEO Nadella Hints at Organizational Changes. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-ceo-nadella-hints-at-organizational-changes-1405003356 Yakowicz, W. (2014). Leadership Lessons From Microsofts Satya Nadella. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/leadership-lessons-from-satya-nadella.html Yarow, J. (2013). Microsoft announces its Reorg. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.in/MICROSOFT-ANNOUNCES-ITS-REORG/articleshow/21061314.cms

Transpotation Promblem Essay Example

Transpotation Promblem Essay Find initial basic feasible solution for given problem by using: (a)North – West corner rule (b) Least cost method and (c) Vogel’s approximation method If the objective is to minimize the total transportation cost. Q. 2 A Company has factories at F1, F2, and F3 which supply to warehouses at W1, W2, and W3. Weekly factory capacities are 200,160,and 90 units, respectively. Weekly warehouse requirement are 180,120and 150 units respectively. Unit shipping costs (in rupees) are as follows: Ware house W1 W2 W3 SUPPLY F1 16 20 12 200 F2 14 8 18 160 F3 26 24 16 90 DEMAND 180 120 150 450 Determined the optimal distribution for this company to minimize total shipping cost. Second Topic Transportation Model Problems for Practice Q. 1 A company has four manufacturing plants and five warehouses. Each plant manufactures the same product which is sold at different prices in each warehouse area. The cost of manufacturing and cost of raw material are different in each plant to various factors. The capacities of the plants are also different. The data are given in the following table: PLANT ITEM Manufacturing cost (RS) per unit Raw material cost (RS)per unit Capacity per unit time 1 12 08 100 2 10 07 200 3 08 07 120 4 08 05 80 The company has five warehouses. The sales prices, transportation costs and demands are given in the following table: ware house transportation cost per unit sale price demand per unit(Rs. ) 1 2 3 4 A 4 7 4 3 30 80 B 8 9 7 8 32 120 C 2 7 6 10 28 150 D 10 7 5 8 34 70 E 2 5 8 9 30 90 (a) Formulate this problem as a transportation problem to maximize profit. (b) Find the solution using VAM method. Q. 2 Obtain an optimal solution to the transportation problem by UV method. Use VAM method for obtaining initial feasible solution D1 19 70 40 5 D2 30 30 8 8 D3 50 40 70 7 D4 10 60 20 14 CAPACITY 7 9 18 34 We will write a custom essay sample on Transpotation Promblem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transpotation Promblem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transpotation Promblem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer S1 S2 S3 DEMAND Q. 3 Consider a firm having 2 factories. The firm is to ship its products from the factories to three- retail stores. The number of units available at factories X and Y are 200 and 300, respectively while those demanded at retail stores A ,B and C are 100,150 and 250, respectively. Rather than shipping directly from factories to retail stores, it is asked to investigate the possibility of Trans- shipment. The transportation cost (in Rupees) per unit is given in the table . FACTORY X Factory X Y 0 6 y 8 0 RETAIL STORE A 7 11 B 8 9 C 9 10 Retail store A B C 7 1 8 2 5 9 0 1 7 5 0 8 1 4 0 Find out the optimal shipping schedule. Q. 4 ABC limited has three production shops supplying a product to five warehouses. The cost of production varies from shop to shop and cost of transportation from one shop to a warehouse also varies. Each shop has a specific production capacity and each warehouse has certain amount of requirement. The cost of transportation are given below: Ware house III 4 7 6 85 A B C DEMAN D I 6 5 3 60 II 4 6 4 80 IV 7 4 3 105 V 5 8 4 70 SUPPLY 100 125 175 400 The Cost Of Manufacturing The Product At Different Production Shop Is shop A B C Variable cost 14 16 15 Fixed cost 7000 4000 5000 Find the optimum quantity to be supplied from each shop to different warehouses at minimum total cost. Third Topic Assignment Model Problems discussed in the class Q. 1 A job production unit has four jobs A,B,C,D which can be manufactured on each of the four machines P,Q,R and S. The processing cost of each job on each machine is given in the table below: Jobs P A B C D 31 25 19 38 Machine Q R Processing cost (Rs. ) 25 33 24 23 21 23 36 34 S 29 21 24 40 To achieve minimum processing cost, which job will you process on which machine? Q. 2 A workshop has four machines and four tasks for completion. Each of the machines can perform each of four tasks. Time taken at each of the machines to complete each task is given in the matrix below: How should the tasks be assigned to machines requirement of machine hours? Tasks A I II III IV 51 32 37 55 Machine B C Processing times (Hrs. ) 77 49 34 59 44 70 55 58 D 55 68 54 55 Q. 3 A pharmaceutical company has four branches, one each at city A, B, C and D. A branch manager is to be appointed one at each city, out of four candidates P, Q, R and S. The monthly business depends upon the city and the effectiveness of the branch manager in that city. Branch manager P 11 City B C Monthly business (Rs. lakhs) 11 9 A D 9 Q R S 13 12 16 16 17 14 11 13 16 10 8 12 Which manager should be appointed at which city so as to get maximum total monthly business? Q. 4 The production cost or products P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 per unit made on machines M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 are tabulated below: P1 50 60 40 35 40 P2 80 30 40 40 45 P3 30 40 50 30 50 P4 40 40 45 35 45 P5 45 50 35 50 45 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Selling prices per unit are as follows: P1= Rs. 80, P2=Rs. 90, P3=Rs. 105, P4= Rs. 70 and P5 = Rs. 5 Decide which product should be made on which machine to realize maximum profit. Q. 5 Darda oil mills have four plants each of which can manufacture anyone of the four products. The manufacturing costs differ from plant to plant and so do the sales revenues. The revenue and cost details are as given below: Sales revenue (Rs. Lakhs) Plants A B C D I 70 80 75 78 II 88 90 87 85 Manufacturing cost (Rs. Lakhs) Plants A B C D I 59 65 62 65 II 70 73 72 74 Products III 55 55 59 58 IV 71 79 68 76 Products III 69 71 73 74 IV 82 94 80 89 Suggest which plant should produce which product to maximize profit? Q. A company has four territories open, and four salesman available for an assignment. The territories are not equally rich in its sales potential. It is estimated that, a typical salesman, operating in each territory would bring in the following annual sales. Territory Annual Sales(Rs. ) I 126000 II 105000 III 84000 IV 63000 The four salesmen also differ in their ability. It is estimated that, working under the same conditions, their yearly sales would be proportionately as follows: Salesman Proportion A 7 B 5 C 5 D 4 Assign the salesmen to each territory if the criterion is maximum expected total sales. Third Topic Assignment Model Problems for Practice Q. 1 A departmental head has four subordinates and four tasks for completion. The subordinates differ in their capabilities and tasks differ in their work contents and intrinsic difficulties. His estimate of time for each subordinate and each task is given in matrix below: Tasks I A B C D 17 28 20 28 Subordinates II III Processing cost (Rs. ) 25 26 27 23 18 17 25 23 IV 20 25 14 19 How should the tasks be assigned to minimize requirements of man-hours? Q. 2 A departmental head has three subordinates and four tasks for completion. The employees differ in their capabilities and the tasks differ in their work contents. With the performance matrix given below, which three of four tasks should be assigned to subordinates? Tasks Subordinates A B C D I 9 8 20 21 II 12 13 12 15 III 11 17 13 17 Q. 3 A gear manufacturer requires 2000 numbers per month of each of the six types of gears. Six hobbing machines are available to process these gears. The gears differ in their work contentsgear with, number of teeth, module etc-and machine differ in their capabilities-speeds, feeds and ability to take depth of cut. The production control department has prepared the machine wise cost matrix as shown in the matrix below: Gear I II III IV V VI M1 15 20 19 30 6 13 M2 18 16 16 8 12 Hobbing machines M3 M4 13 10 12 14 15 42 38 10 12 16 14 M5 18 19 35 9 15 M6 14 15 20 36 10 18 Gear I can be assigned to machine M5 because of steep helix angle. Gear III can not be assigned to machine M4 as it is not within the capacity of this machine. And gear IV can not be loaded on machine M2 because of limitations of process capability of the machine. Find the optimum assignment schedule. Q. 4 A salesman has to visit five cities. He wishes to start from a particular city, visit each city once and return to starting city. The cost of going from a city to another in Rs. is given below: From City A B C D E 0 16 18 21 11 To city A 12 0 17 14 13 B 15 13 0 18 12 C 17 18 14 0 18 D 11 12 17 16 0 E Determine the least cost route. Q. 1 A departmental store purchases Christmas trees, which can be ordered only in lots of 100. Each tree selling price Rs. 40 each. Unsold trees, however, have no salvage value. The purchase price of the trees is Rs. 5 each The probability distribution obtained from analysis of past data is given below: Trees sold 100 200 300 400 500 probabilities 0. 20 0. 35 0. 25 0. 15 0. 05 (a) Setup a payoff table (b) How much quantity should the departmental store buy to maximize its profit? Q. 2 A manufacturer of sewing machines is faced with the problem of selecting one of the two models for manufacturing. The profit depends on the market acceptability of the m odel which are present is uncertain but is had been broadly classified into four categories: excellent, good, fair and poor. The profits or losses (losses are indicated by negative sign) expected by the management from the different levels of market acceptability of the models are as follows: ____________________________________________________________ ______ Market Profit (Rs. ) for the model for the Indicated market acceptability __________________________ Deluxe Janata ____________________________________________________________ ______ Excellent 60,000 78,000 Good 28,000 38,000 Fair 18,000 8,000 Poor 8,000 -12,000 ____________________________________________________________ _____ Which product should the company select from the standpoint of maximin (gain) criterion? Q. 3 A company is making a large boiler installation. A certain automatic monitoring unit is critical for the operation of the whole system. At the time of original order, the spares for this unit can be purchased for Rs. 2,000 per unit. The probability distribution for the failure of the unit during the life time of installation is given a s : __________________________________________________________ _______Failure_________________________Probability__________ _ 0 0. 35 1 0. 25 2 0. 20 3 0. 15 4 0. 05 ___________________________________________________________ If a spare is needed and is not available, the total cost of idle time and replacement cost will be Rs. 15,000. Unused spares have no salvage value. Determine the optimal no. of spares to be ordered. Q. 4 A newspaper boy is thinking of selling a special one time edition of a magazine to his regular newspaper customers. Based on his he believes that he can sell between 9 to 12 copies. sports knowledge of his customers, The magazines can be purchased at Rs. each and can be sold for Rs. 12 each. Magazine that are not sold can be returned to the publisher for a refund of 50%. (a) Construct the decision matrix for the above inventory problem indicating possible monetary consequences. (b) Determine the best decision from the stand point of (i) Maximin criteria (ii) M aximax criteria (iii)Hurwiez a-criterion assuming a=0. 40 (iv) Minimax regret criteria (v) Laplace criteria Q. 5 Agent Corner, an authorized dealer in domestic appliances find that the cost of holding refrigerator in stock for a week is Rs. 50. Customers who cannot get a new refrigerator immediately wanted to go to another dealer for which expected profit is Rs. 350 per customer. Probability distribution of demand is as follows: No. of refrigerator: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Probability : 0. 05 0. 10 0. 20 0. 30 0. 20 0. 10 0. 05 Assuming that there is no time lag between ordering and delivery, how many refrigerators should we order per week? Q. 6 A departmental store buys Christmas tree at a landing cost of Rs 25 each and sells them at an average of Rs 40. Any tree left over after the selling season has no resale value. The productivity distribution of sale of trees derived from analysis of pas t sales data is under: Tree (sale) Probability 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0. 10 0. 15 0. 35 0. 20 0. 10 0. 05 0. 05 a) How many trees should be department store buy to maximize its profit? b) If trees left after the selling season cost Rs 5 each to remove ,does it affect the inventory decision? Q. 7 A newspaper boy is thinking of selling a special one time edition of a sports magazine to his regular newspaper customers. Based on his knowledge of his customer the copies of the magazine with probabilities estimated as under: No of copies 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 probability 0. 0 0. 15 0. 35 0. 20 0. 10 0. 05 0. 05 The magazine can be purchased at Rs 8 each and can be sold for Rs 12 Each. a) Magazines that are not sold can be required to the publisher for a refund of 50%. Determine optimum quantity to be purchased? b) If the publisher does not take back the unsold magazines and the boy is forced to sell them as scrap a t rs 1. 50, what should be the order quantity. c) And if the boy gets magazines â€Å"on sale basis†,what quantity should be ordered? Q. 8 A Ship building company has launched a program for the construction of new class of ships. Certain spare units like prime over, each costing 200000 have to be purchased. If these units are not available when needed, a serious loss is incurred which is in order of Rs 10000000 each instance requirements of spares with the corresponding probabilities are given below. Nos of spares: 0 1 2 3 4 5 Probability of 0. 876 0. 062 0. 041 0. 015 0. 005 0. 001 requirement How many spares should the company buy in order to optimize inventory decision? Fifth Topic Decision Analysis Problems for Practice Q. 1 A perishable item is ordered only once each demand period. Acquisition cost is $3, selling price is $5, and salvage value is $1. 50. What is optimal order quantity? Given: Demand 100 110 120 130 140 150 Probability 0. 1 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 1 0. 1 Q. 2 A newspaper boy buys papers for Rs 1. 30 each and sells them for Rs 1. 40 each. He cannot return unsold newspapers. Daily demand has the following distribution. No. of customers: Probability: 23 0. 01 24 0. 03 25 0. 06 26 0. 10 27 0. 20 28 0. 25 30 0. 10 31 0. 05 32 0. 05 If each days demand is independent of the previous day’s, how many papers he should order each day?

How the Nazi Government Provided Job for Unemployed Germans

How the Nazi Government Provided Job for Unemployed Germans Free Online Research Papers After the Great Depression, 6 million Germans were left unemployed. However, by 1939, the figure was reduced to 119,000 people. Why does this happen? In 1932, Hitler decided to build 7000km of motorway (autobahns.) His reasoning for this was to provide a better route for vehicles when the war starts up again. By September 1933, the first motorway was built, which provided 600,000 jobs. Supplies were needed, such as: steel, concrete etc. So, the state paid for the private companies to provide what they needed. The companies hired new workers to exceed the demand. This got people out of unemployment. In 1933, a 600RM marriage loan was supplied to all unemployed women. This was to persuade them to give up their jobs for men. But, it worked; 700,000 women took up the offer of the 600RM, which was given in a form of vouchers and could only be used to buying household items. These women could buy items such as prams, for their babies. The company which makes prams would then need to hire more workers to help exceed the demand. In addition, the Nazis cut taxes, which meant the working class had more money. Therefore, they can spend more money on items, which meant that shop owners wouldve needed to employ more workers. However, childless couples had to pay higher taxes. Adding to the Nazis aim of persuading women to give up their jobs, they literally banned women from being judges or lawyers in 1936. The civil service was also told to employ men over women. Finally, Hitler introduced The Law for the Reduction of Unemployment, which meant women and Jews were forced out of their jobs. Furthermore, the Nazis stopped unemployment benefits, which forced people to work. Also, in 1935, Hitler introduced conscription which meant that all 18-25 year old men were required to work in the army for 2 years. This meant that other men outside this age range could take their jobs, which decreased the amount of job-less citizens. In 1934, a youth group called RAD provided 400,000 jobs and the armed forces grew from 100,000 in 1933 to 1,400,000 in 1939. This meant that there was less unemployment. One of the Nazi aims was to rearm Germany (almost 20 billion RM was invested in rearmament.) In 1935, the Nazis provided more jobs to make weapons in preparation for the war. What were the economic effects of Nazi policies towards Jews and towards women? In Germany 1933, there were 100,000 women teachers, 3000 women doctors and one tenth of the Reichstag members were women. For the Nazis, this was yet another sign of how degenerate and corrupt Weimar Germany was. What the Nazis wanted from women was a more traditional role, they wanted mothers. The policy for women in 1933, was the 3 Ks. (Kirche, Kuche and Kinder) This translated to Church, cooking and children. The Nazis wanted women to stay at home and look after the home and their children. To achieve this aim, they needed women out of employment. In 1933, the Law for the Reduction of Unemployment prevented any woman from becoming civil servants, doctors or lawyers. Also, in October in the same year, official guidelines were introduced for all companies to employ men over women. The economic effect of this was that women were out of their jobs. Therefore, men could replace them. Furthermore, marriage loans were provided to women who gave up their jobs. These women were given 600RM in a form of vouchers, which they could only spend on furniture. Therefore, this boosts the income of industries, which exceeds the demand of customers, so they need to employ more workers. This is also part of another Nazi aim to make Germany self-sufficient. (Autarky) The Nazis provided money for couples to have children. In 1935, large families were given grants of up to 100RM per child. Birth control centres were closed down and less contraception became available. Therefore, more women became pregnant. In another attempt to keep women at home, the Nazis decided to cut peoples debts by a quarter, every time they produced a child. However, it seemed to work, 42% of women gave up their jobs, which meant there were more jobs available to men. In 1936, the economy was suffering from a labour shortage. At the moment, the policy was that a womans place was in the home, which the Nazis wanted to change. The idea of female conscription was suggested to Hitler, but he refused. However, in 1939, a compulsory agricultural labour service was introduced for unmarried women under the age of 25. Also, in 1942, women between 17.45 were told to register for work. Therefore, the policy was change due to the economic need. In 1933, Jews were considered as successful: 10% of them were doctors, 16% were lawyers, but far more owned businesses. Even though Hitler resented them, he wasnt the centre of the attacks against them. Local people began to vandalize Jewish shops. However, Hitler sympathizes with them, so he wanted to plan a boycott against the Jews. But, as advised by President Schacht, (Head of the Reichsbank) he decided that it shouldnt go ahead. This was because Jews contribute too much to the economy, so Germany would lose money for rearmament. Instead, Schacht suggested a gradual policy of attacking Jews, whereby there would be a one-day boycott. So, on 1st April 1933, due to the excess of antisemitic propaganda, there was a nationwide boycott. This will keep the people happy. Due to the drastic effect on the economy, the Nazis couldnt just close down all the businesses. However, they close down some and prevent any new ones from opening up. This would only effect full-Jews at the moment. Ther efore, the Nazis create a gradual policy to shut down Jewish businesses. From 1933, the Nazis wanted to stop Jews from becoming German citizens. However, Jews generate plenty of money for Germany. Therefore, Germany needs the Jews to keep the economy successful. By the end of 1935, the economy is going well. So, Hitler lended the Jewish Hertie Department stores money to maintain the success of the economy. In 1937, the economy is going well because of Schachts ideas. Therefore, the Jews are no longer needed. The Nazis decide to get rid of Schacht, as they could now afford to. He was replaced by Goering, who wanted to Aryanize businesses, which contributed to the Nazi aim of making Germany self-sufficient and being run by pure Germans (the Aryan race.) This meant that the Jewish firms were voluntarily sold to Germans. In 1938, their policy was to squeeze Jews out of the German economic life. This was proceeded by the Jews not being given any raw materials, so they couldnt produce anything. Therefore, they had no choice but to hand over their businesses. On 18th October 1936, a decree was issued, registrating all Jewish property to enable The Nazis to take over. In one year, 32,000 businesses were taken over. In 1938, an incident titled, Crystal Night was another example of how the Jews were gradually pushed out of German economic life. It involved Germans destroying all Jewish shops and burning down the synagogues, where the police and fire services were told not to interfere. This created huge damage, which the Jews had to pay up for because the Nazis had fined them 1 billion RM out of their insurance. The money raised went towards rearmament. 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Article Reviews for Theory and Practice of Mediation

Reviews for Theory and Practice of Mediation - Article Example They also gave their insights on its effectiveness & their views on the future of the Cape Cod National Seashore. The strength of this article is how organized it is. The paper has headings and subheadings for each aspect they talked about. Even a person new to the process of mediation will be able to understand this article. The simplicity of the vocabularies used also helped in this regard. The only problem I see in the article is how lengthy it is. Certainly, the descriptions and organization in the writing helped in understanding it. However, because the whole article, excluding the annexes & bibliography, is 15 pages long, a reader may lose interest in the middle of, maybe, A Historical Perspective. Personally, I don’t think this part is even helpful in explaining the value of conflict assessment to stakeholders. This article also presents the results of a research. However, unlike the first one which centered on the process of negotiation, this paper focuses on the parties involved in the conflict. Attention is focused on how the level of information mediator’s have on the issue affects the disputants’ perceptions & behaviors. Instead of an actual situation, this research is based on experiments with variations on the mediator’s recommendations and the information given to disputants representing how much mediators knew about the disputants’ needs and interests. The introduction explains: a) the mediation process, b) the relation between the mediator’s credibility & their level of insight on the dispute, and c) the hypotheses to be tested. It goes on to describe the different elements of the experiment & the results. The paper also gives the writer’s recommendations on similar future researches. For the discussion and concluding part, the article ex plains why peer mediation, such as someone in the company