Monaco Building of the Paris 1889 Exposition Essay examples -- Archite

The Monaco Building of the Paris 1889 ExpositionThe Exposition Universelle de 1889 in Paris was meant to tick off the centennial of the French Revolution. It boasted new architectural styles, as well as the more generous use of electricity in the pavilions. In the earliest worlds bewitchings, every the displays were housed collectively under one roof. This eventually changed to a different type of organization, where exhibits were separated into categories based on their content, as was already the case at the 1873 capital of Austria exhibition. At the 1876, 1878 and 1889 fairs, countries presented their own individual pavilions. While at first the international community seemed a bit hesitant to participate in a fair meant to celebrate a Revolution, many countries decided to participate and erect a special pavilion. Countries such as Japan, Siam, Persia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, as well as many Latin American nations presented national exhibits. When the 1889 Paris Exhibition is f irst mentioned, most people immediately think of the construction of the famed Eiffel Tower. This striking monument, enhanced with nighttime lights, brought the bewilderment of many and earned itself a place as a permanent fixture and international symbol for Paris. The fair was known for its impressively modern constructions of compact and glass, such as Machinery Hall. The pavilion for the Principality of Monaco can be noted at this fair, not for its grand scale or modern appeal, but for its flimsy return to a classic style which turned attention to a small, yet sophisticated nation. Its proximity to the Eiffel tower symbolized the ongoing relationship between France and Monaco.thither were several reasons why Monaco received such attention at the fair, with its p... ...ch 1890, Volume 39, Issue 2 Making of America Collection, Cornell University Library http//www.boondocksnet.com/expos/paris1889.htmlImpressions of the International Exhibition of 1889 The Century, declination 1889 Making of America Collection, Cornell University Library http//www.boondocksnet.com/expos/paris1889.htmlParis Panorama of the Nineteenth Century The Century, December 1889, Volume 39, Issue 2 Making of America Collection, Cornell University Library http//www.boondocksnet.com/expos/paris1889.htmlMonaco by Gale Force of Monaco http//monaco.mc/monaco/index.htmlGeneral Informations by Monte-Carlo Multimedia, 2000 http//www.monte-carlo.mc/principalitymonaco/globalinformations/Masson, Georgina. Italian Villas and Palaces. New York. Abrams.1966Ree Paul van der. Italian Villas and Gardens a corso di disegno. Amsterdam. Prestel.1992

Steven Spielberg Biography Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Steven Spielberg BiographySteven Spielberg Revolutionary and Visionary Who would have thought that a brilliant career in filmmaking could have originated with a modest jar of Skippy Peanut Butter smeared on a neighbors window in a tiny Cincinnati suburb? One might not think that such an average boyhood prank could evolve a boy into a musical composition who would become the most financially successful film director in history. Well, that is exactly where Leah Spielberg, Steven Spielbergs mother, would trace her sons initial entry into beseeming one of our nations most creative storytellers. His badness was so original, she recalls (Stein 3).Steven Spielberg, the only child of Leah and Arnold Spielberg, was born on December 18, 1946 at the beginning of the go bad Boom years in Cincinnati, Ohio. It does not take a great stretch of the imagination to see that Stevens film functions were derived from his fathers deliver as a World War II veteran and computer technician an d his mothers past profession as a concert pianist. The cognise and amount of technology, history, and music within Stevens films can all be traced back to his early life with his family.While many men returning from war never want to reiterate their experiences, Stevens father seemed to be an exception. Steven said of his father, he intoxicated me with bedtime stories about the war. His stories were like the war movies I was watching on television, all worthy of cameo appearances by John Wayne (Stein 1). It is no wonder that at the age of twelve Stevens first film, Fighter Squad, was filmed on a WWII fighter plane (Corliss 79). However, when Steven was unable to find certain props or realistic backdrops, he simulated dogfights and plane crashes by editing in footage from a WWII documentary. Only a year later, in 1960, he featured the war family Jeep in his second film, Escape to Nowhere, which was an action picture in which GIs invaded a Nazi hideout in the Libyan Desert. Since his family had moved to Arizona in 1960, the Arizona desert near his house would easily replicate the simulation of the Libyan Desert. It is clear that Stevens love and knowledge of visual effects began many years before his creation of a mechanical great white cheat in 1975. There have been many incidents throughout Stevens childhood that have made it into his films.At the age ... ...ed against the moon, his films have sketched images in our minds we are unable to forget. His influence upon mainstream Hollywood directing is more than evident. Whether it be making us reflect on past tragedies or teaching us that differences should be celebrated past from being just recognized, his methods of storytelling have established him as more than just a wonderful film director, but as a great humanitarian. full treatment CitedCorliss, Richard. Peter Pan Grows Up, but Can He Still Fly? Time Magazine. 19 May, 1997. 75-82.Dyer, Richard. At Work Again, he and John Williams Exalt in their Admiring of 24 Years. Boston Globe 24 Feb. 1998 4/13/99 http//www.multimania.com/spielbrgStein, Ruthe. Biography Steven Spielberg. Empire Mar. 1998 4/13/99http//www.multimania.com/spielbrgGraham, Judith. Current Biography yearly 1996. New York H.W. Wilson Company, 1996.Gritten, David. When the Going Got Tough Steven Spielbergs D-Day Drama Saving Private Ryan salutes the citizen soldier of WWII. L.A. Times 10, May 1998 4/13/99 http//www.multimania.com/spielbrgMartinelle, Betty. Personal Interview. 11 Apr. 1999.

Providences Black Chinese: A Love Story :: China Short Stories Papers

savings Black Chinese A Love Story On the morning of February 23rd, 1901, Chung Yick stood chatting with Mr. Joseph Hoffman, the proprietor of the realise frame shop on the ground floor of the Charles Street house the two men shared with several other tenants. The house wasnt much relegate than a tenement building, with its dirty wooden face and narrow crooked stairs. A crude sign on one side said PICTURES in bold letters, marking the entrance to Hoffmans store. The Yicks stick sexd on the other side, along with the Rileys and the widow Driscoll, who were cramped up on the second floor. Still, it was a decent street to live on, with a mixture of small shops and residential homes and the Mosshassuck River creeping alongside it like an emaciated and sleepy serpent. Chung was a gaunt man in his forties with blank cheeks and intense brown eyes-he projected a certain gravity that was somehow incongruous with popular notions of the jolly, docile Chinaman. Instead of the traditio nal Chinese collarless jacket, he sported a conservative brown suit, complete with vest, tie, and polished black shoes. Chung was a cook by trade and a good one, too-well enough respected for the Providence Journal to dub him one of the citys best-known Chinese restauranteurs. Most likely, he was an employee of the Wah, Yee, Hong & Co. eating house, the Chinese restaurant located closest to his home, just a overbold fifteen-minute walk away at the bottom of College Hill. It was a windy Saturday morning with temperatures well below freezing, and Chung relished these last moments of warmth inside the store before hed have to venture out into the cold. Several thousand miles away from his old home in southern China, where temperatures fluctuated between hot and hotter, Chung still hadnt quite adjusted to Providences acidulated winters. That walk would be especially brisk today John, Mr. Hoffman said suddenly, addressing Chung by his chosen American name, Whats all that racket? Indeed , some great noise-frantic footsteps and shouting-could be comprehend coming from the general direction of Chungs kitchen where, minutes earlier, he had left his wife and stepdaughter bustling about their morning chores. Its a fire someone shouted from outside. The attics on fire The first official Chinese resident in Rhode Island appeared on the state census in 1865, but there may have been at least one Chinaman in Providence even earlier.

Formalistic Approach to Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) :: Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat Essays

Formalistic Approach to Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) Ode to the Death of a Favourite Cat is a very interesting numbers especially when you begin to break it down using the formalistic approach to literature. This verse at first glance could be taken as full another story about a cat that drowns trying to eat his prey, the goldfish. As we look more closely we realize that the poem has so galore(postnominal) more meanings. The form of a poem is also a large comp acent on the effectiveness. This poem has 7 stanzas with 6 lines in each. The third and 6th line in each is shorter and is indented. Thomas Gray used a rhyme scheme of AABCCB. The first way that an author can write his poem is by using a point of view that is either from the cat, goldfish, or a separate all together person, the observer. Thomas Gray chose to use the fibber approach. This use is very effective because it gives us the opinion of all of the characters involved. This also gives us a vie w of the entire story not just one persons perspective. Also the symbolism in this poem is largely effective. Gray doesnt simply describe things like green eyes. He goes into detail by using descriptive adjectives like emerald eyes, ears of jet, tortoise vies, snowy beard, and pensive Selima. The usage of these words adds to the ornamentation of the poem. The cat is also a symbolic character. She is described as a character that is approximately closely related to what Freud describes as an Id. This is someone who is much like a two-year-old child. They only see what they want and go for it. In this person there is no sense of obstacles or that you might have to work to receive the prize this is not a thought in that persons head. In this poem there argon many examples of assonance . Assonance is a technique that repeats the beginning letters in a phrase to add emphasis. He uses phrases such as emerald eyes, prospering gleam, and heedless hearts. This is effective because it a dds to the use of metaphors and the distinction of the description. The structure of Thomas Grays Ode to the death of a Favourite Cat is in order of events how they happen.

Exposing American Myths Today Essays -- essays research papers

The United States of America has been blessed with the grace with God, it is the land of spacious skies, amber waves of grain, endless possibilities, and freedom for all. It is superior to all other nations and when face up with moral dilemmas. It is firmly believed by citizens that God sides with them. Though these are the ideals and the purposes of which the United States was founded, they are still myths and legends that are not necessarily truthful today. They were partially created by facts but mostly by the government and the people. Myths are dreams that take one from reality and place them in a comfort zone that feels much to a greater extent at ease than dealing with what is reality and truth. There are so many myths that are meant to placate the frazzled Ameri atomic number 50 who is just looking for some reassurance from what is stressfully daily life. However, some myths can be offensive and overlooked as many are not recognized as being false at initiative glance. Som e assumptions of certain cultural groups, religious affiliations, political parties, and many others face the abuse daily. Since myths in the United States are often misperceived, the way society sees myths is bias. They can be seen as delusions of the ways people are to distinguish between what is reality and what is not. Myths in the United States began when the first pilgrims set foot on Plymouth Rock, it is marvelous they knew the importance of what they had begun but they knew the principles on which they had founded the new land with the notion that they were now able to begin the second journey of their lives free from British persecution and hardship. A uncouth myth one will find about the new settlers and the Native Americans that resided there can be found in an ordinary kind... ...no myth unfearing enough to state that bliss has ever resolved anything. Works CitedChurchill, Ward. Crimes Against Humanity. The battlefront of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Rusz kiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 536-543.Douglass, Frederick. What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 522-533.Jefferson, Thomas. resolution of Independence. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 517-520.Shindle, Kate. Miss America More Than a Beauty Queen? The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 563-566.Postman, Neil. The Great Symbol Drain. The Presence of Others. Eds.Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford. 2005. 546-555.

Exposing American Myths Today Essays -- essays research papers

The United States of America has been blessed with the grace with God, it is the land of spacious skies, amber waves of grain, endless possibilities, and freedom for all. It is superior to all otherwise nations and when faced with moral dilemmas. It is firmly believed by citizens that God sides with them. Though these are the ideals and the purposes of which the United States was founded, they are still figments and legends that are not necessarily truthful today. They were partly created by facts but mostly by the government and the people. Myths are dreams that take one from reality and place them in a comfort zone that feels oftentimes more at ease than dealing with what is reality and truth. There are so many myths that are meant to placate the frazzled American who is just looking for almost reassurance from what is stressfully everyday life. However, some myths can be offensive and overlooked as many are not recognized as being false at first glance. Some assumptions of ce rtain cultural groups, religious affiliations, political parties, and many others face the abuse daily. Since myths in the United States are often misperceived, the way connection sees myths is bias. They can be seen as delusions of the ways people are to distinguish between what is reality and what is not. Myths in the United States began when the first pilgrims set foot on Plymouth Rock, it is unlikely they knew the importance of what they had begun but they knew the principles on which they had founded the new land with the notion that they were now able to begin the second journey of their lives free from British persecution and hardship. A common myth one will find about the new settlers and the Native Americans that resided there can be found in an ordinary kind... ...no myth bold enough to state that bliss has ever resolved anything. Works CitedChurchill, Ward. Crimes Against Humanity. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. capital of Massachu setts Bedford, 2005. 536-543.Douglass, Frederick. What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 522-533.Jefferson, Thomas. Declaration of Independence. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 517-520.Shindle, Kate. Miss America More Than a Beauty Queen? The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford, 2005. 563-566.Postman, Neil. The Great symbolization Drain. The Presence of Others. Eds.Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford. 2005. 546-555.

How the Recession Effects Used Car Prices Essay

There are several factors which are affecting the price of wise and use vehicles since the current recession began. Because people have been forced to hang on to their cars longer it has driven up the price of used cars because the pool of used cars has gotten smaller. New car sales have were down as well further pushing up the price of used vehicles since fewer people bought overbold cars during the recession. Fewer advanced car purchases equals less used cars. The production of new cars has also been cut meaning that there are less new cars in circulation which in turn means fewer used cars from sources like car rental places.The higher price of used cars has pushed some people to look for deals on new cars but dealer incentives have been reduced making the purchase of a new car less enticing then it would have been in the past. Because there are less new cars being produced, the price of new cars has also gone up. The high cost of gasoline has also affected the essential of n ew and used cars. As gas prices go up the demand for new cars goes down as people do not wish to make pass as much money on their cars. So rather than make a high monthly car payment on a new vehicle they choose a lower payment on a used car or may chose to purchase the car outright.ReferencesWhy used-car prices are going to stay high for yearshttp//content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/05/why-used-car-prices-will-stay-high-for-years/1.UGdhRJjA-kYUsed-Car Prices Climbhttp//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204136404577205383041923996.htmlAs Gas Prices Go, So Go Prices for Used Carshttp//moneyland.time.com/2012/05/31/as-gas-prices-go-so-go-prices-for-used-cars/

The controversy and the future of Common Agricultural Policy of European Union

Agriculture is a problematic ara in every developed country. Free market economy that allows direct contention of agricultural products can often cause a surplus or shortage of certain products, and quality changes. In order to consider reliable tote up of food member states of the European Union decided to cooperate and transferred the authority over agriculture policy to European level. Common Agricultural Policy was act in 1961 and its aims were to improve production and solve existing problems in agriculture all over EU member states.The previous successes of cooperation with coal and steel, and the fact that just about states had difficulties to produce certain goods logically led to deeper cooperation in agriculture, and to punk. Today, CAP is regarded as the most developed of the European Unions policies and covers almost 90% of all agricultural products (reader). But, likewise it is regarded as the most controversial and has been responsible for some negative consequen ces on the industry, and it had to go under many reforms. This essay will explain why CAP has been both celebrated and criticized. Also, it will include the challenges that will be put in front of it by the future enlargement of European Union.At the period CAP was made, national agricultures had all common problems. Although the different level of development, and different level on dependence on this industry between member states of EC, at that place were some immense troubles to be solved by Cap deficits of certain goods, inefficient production practices, poorness of people employed in agriculture, rapidly ever-changing prices, substantial variations in quality of products etc. The goals of policy defined in Maastricht Treaty, article 39(a) to increase agricultural productiveness by promoting technical ramp up and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural production and the optimum utilization of the factors of production, in particular labor(b) thus to ensure a f air modular of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing the individual earnings of persons engaged in agriculture(c) to stabilize markets(d) to assure the availability of supplies(e) to ensure that supplies reach the consumers at reasonable prices. (TEU)Since its foundation CAP has improved the agriculture of Europe in a great sense, only critics would say that costs of the successes are considerably high for all. Some of the goals were fulfilled with little negative consequences, while others were solved with controversial methods that became a huge burden for the budget and had many counter-effects.The changes in Europes agricultural structure and productivity since 1961 caused by CAP were enormous. Thanks to the investment in technology, there was a growth in productivity of farms, decrease in people employed in agriculture, rapid urbanization and therefore prosperity in other sectors of economy. Statistics show that the workforce employed in agricultu re declined from 11.3% in 1973 to 9.4% in 1980 and only 5.7% in the whole of the EU in 1992. (Hitiris, 190)Productivity growth was rapid, and we can say that the aim of CAP to restructure the farming to invent it more efficient is being fulfilled. The growth of the efficiency of the labor can be noticed on the fact that In 1960 over 15 one thousand thousand people in the original six had worked on the land. In the mid-1970s the agricultural population of the enlarged EC was only 14 billion, falling to 10 million by the mid-1980s (Urwin, 187)Second goal of CAP is a social mission to help the quality of life of the people in agriculture. This went little against the economic productivity and caused many negative consequences on it, especially by huge costs.The interventions that were made were not only subsidizing the farmers, that is a huge burden for EU budget but artificial manipulations with prices and setting of standards. These two were criticized by many liberal economists a s standardization brought prices up, and artificial price setting caused surpluses and deficits.

Whole Food Nutrition vs. Vitamin Supplements

livelong Food Nutrition vs. Vitamin Supplements Whole Food Nutrition vs. Synthetic Vitamins which is wellnessier? Ever since I green goddess remember my milliampere has been a health nut. We have al looks taken nutritional subjunctions and eeatn organic feed as much as possible. over the years of victorious vitamins supplements, I didnt notice a change in my health. I did notice when I ate exclusively foods I felt expose than when I ate chemic eachy manufactured fast food. The fast food made my stomach burn. I can also remember not eating meat until I went to school.I think that vitamins ar a waste of money. All they do is make my pee turn yellow. Whole food nutrition, which consists of fruits and ve tolerateables, whole grains, seeds and nuts, is the only way to live. Fruits and vegetables contain essential vitamins, minerals and fiber that protect us from chronic diseases. Compared with people who consume small amounts of fruits and vegetables, those who eat to a encein teer extent generous amounts as a expound of a healthful diet are likely to have reduced risk of chronic disease (Fruit). Americans indirect request to cerebrate in vitamin and mineral pills.We spend an estimated $10 Billion on them in 2008, according to the Nutrition Business Journal (One a daylight). Major health organizations for cancer, diabetes, and heart and soul disease all advise against supplements in favor of healthful diet rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains and legumes. Unlike pills, those foods contain fiber plus thousands of health protective substances that seem to work together more powerfully than any single ingredient can work alone (One a Day). Eating whole food is the safest way of getting nutritional support for our bodies and immune system.Since food is not a pill, over dosing is never a problem. Over eating can be a problem, causing weight gain and other health issues. On the other hand over dosing on vitamins can be toxic if taken in high doses f or a long time. For instance, beta-carotene can increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers. In addition, a political relation surveys found that more than 11 percent of adults take at least 400 units of vitamin E a day, a dose that has been linked to heart failure, strokes, and increase risk of death (One a Day). at that place are foods that provide nourishings that our bodies need instead of having to swallow so many expensive pills. There are foods that provide natural energy for our bodies, foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and beans. People who want to spice up weight loss add cayenne and other spicy peppers and salsas to their diet. Studies show that very spicy food temporarily increase that rate which fat is burned (Total). So instead of taking a fat burning pill, eat fat burning foods. Here is so information on how to spot whole food. Look for foods as refinement to their natural state as possible.For an example think of the continuum from whole apples to applesauce to cider to apple juice. Be sure you can identify the real food in a product. If you cant tell what the original source is, then a product has probably strayed too far from its natural state. Experts believe that nutrients likely act differently when they exist in the unique combinations that occur naturally in foods. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds contain a virtual melody of vitamins, minerals and fiber that likely work together to shore up health and ease protect against chronic disease.When you ingest whole food instead of a single nutrient, its like walking through an entire forest rather than looking at a single leaf (Palmer). Vitamins have scattered their sheen, and there are more doubts than ever about taking them in pill form. Large doses of single vitamins arent a good idea, the benefit is doubtful, and more or less can cause harm (Vitamins). Its so funny when I walk into a vitamin store and the sales associates run up and offer al l the latest vitamin supplements that help this part of the personify and that keep you from contracting this disease.I wasnt looking for vitamins in the first place. I go to vitamin shops for protein powder. Here are some other reasons why Im not interested in beefing up on vitamin intake. The Physicians Health Study II, which followed more than 14,000 male physicians for 10 years, found that supplementing with vitamins C and E did not reduce the risk of prostate cancer, cancers in total or major cardiovascular events. And the Womens Health Study, which evaluated nearly 40,000 female health professionals for 10 years, showed that vitamin E supplements did not prevent cardiovascular disease or cancer (Palmer).Scientist believe that folic acid protects the body from developing cancerous tumors by repairing errors in DNA. Yet too much may actually nurture the growth of tumors once they form. Whats important to notational system is that this delicate balancing act is mostly a problem with supplemental folic acid, the form of the vitamin added to supplements and fortified foods. Not with foliate, the natural form of the vitamin found in foods. Whole foods first Manufacturers of vitamin supplements make us think that food doesnt have all the nutrients we need. So they push vitamins for all kinds of things to make us healthy, so they like us to think.After researching, I have found out that B vitamins dont prevent heart attacks. Vitamin E doesnt benefit people with Alzheimers disease. Vitamins A, C, and E do not offer any cancer protection. But nutrition experts say that getting crucial nutrients from food, when possible, is better than popping pills. The American Dietetic Association, in fact, has updated its guidelines on nutrient supplementation and now stresses that eating a wide variety of nutrient-rich foods is the best way to get needed nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic disease.The update comes at a time when nutrient supplementation continues to be a growing trend in the United States. Americans spent more than $23 billion on dietary supplements in 2007, according to the associations report, and one-third of adults use a multivitamin and mineral supplement regularly. Others use a variety of supplements, which prompts worry among health experts about the potential negative effects of mega doses (Healthday) . So what makes it better to get nutrients from foods rather than pills? Foods are special, utter Andrea P.Boyar, an associate professor of dietetic foods and nutrition at Lehman College of the City University of New York. Foods are complex, and the nutrients within them interact in different and more beneficial shipway than they would in supplements. Also, many foods contain healthy dietary fiber, which isnt part of a multivitamin supplement, she said. Food is still the ideal, Boyar said, stressing that she means whole foods those that are not process or are as minimally processed as possible. Yet Boyar and other nutriti on experts concede that supplements can often fill dietary gaps.Thats particularly true, she said, for vitamin D and calcium, especially as people age. She also cited iron, which is often needed by premenopausal women, who lose it with their monthly periods. And, for women of childbearing age, folate supplements have been shown to help prevent birth defects. Overuse of supplements, though and particularly megadoses worries health experts. Mega doses of vitamin E, for instance, are particularly hazardous, Boyar said. As for the ideal food-supplement balance, Penny M.Kris-Etherton, a nutrition professor at Penn State University, said that ideal depends on the individual but, in general, think healthy whole foods first. Food does not just provide one nutrient but a lot of nutrients and collectively helps individuals meet their nutrient needs, Kris-Etherton (Healthday). Whole Food Nutrition vs. Vitamin Supplements. Thats what medical scientist and research professionals are trying to determine. more and more, medical doctors are seeing individuals who practice whole food nutrition maintain a lifestyle of health, healing and vitality.Medical doctors, medical scientist and research professionals want to know why and how whole food nutrition accomplishes this. They also want to know what effect whole food nutrition has on improving the health of individuals with certain diseases, such as cancer. Medical/Scientific research is presently being conducted at various hospitals throughout the United States to see what, if any, health benefits whole food nutrition, (i. e. fruits, vegetables, berries) has on individuals with certain types of cancer.This is being done through the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute. This medical research is gold standard, that is, equal reviewed and will be published in medical journals. This research is exciting and the results are highly anticipated. As shown, we as a nation, spend a great deal of money tryi ng to improve our health with vitamin supplements, when, what we might just find from this research is what Hippocrates, (300 BC), the Father of modern medicine, said Let medicine be your food, and food be your medicine. Words 1,598

Perfume Behaviours Essay

AbstractWearing perfume has been becoming much popular among young ladies. There be thousands of perfumes in market and each young peeress pervert perfumes concent swan on several(predicate) factors. Such as aromas, pack geezerhood, advertisements and so on. Therefore, this piece of research is to survey the key factor for consumers buying perfumes. This research is conducted by Qualitative Research and Secondary research. Qualitative researches argon Elite Interview, Generic Interview and Observation. It used to prove my supposal is reliable and this research is ended with about recommendations concern with this research.BackgroundAs perfume is regarded as one of the biggest Fast Moving Consumer Good (FMCG), revealed by 1371 different types of perfume are sold in Selfridges & co and annual global perfume industry sales revenue was $27.5 billion. Also data shows number of perfume shops carried by US department stores change magnitude from 756 to 1160 between 2002 and 2010. ( Statistic Brain, 2012) One short movie shows that when Marilyn answered a question in an reference about What do you wear to bed? She said Just a few toss outs of N5 (Chanel2012, 2012) For some females perfume it seems like a cloth and plays an essential role in womens daily emotional state. Wearing a special fragrance bath be one of lifes great personal pleasures. Perfumes can evoke memories, to transport you to another place, another time.Perfumes can make you feel sexy, flirty, and happy. (PR, 2012) The research shows the great Valentines Day gift is perfume. Mary Ellen Lapsansky, Vice President of The Fragrance Foundation said One drop of fragrance can say it exclusively, do it all.(PR, 2012) However, how can consumers decide which perfume to recognize? Which factors can influence the user for acquire perfumes? There are a huge amount numbers of advertisements in market. It seems like that advertisement or other commercial actions guide consumers to buy perfumes.Take Chan el No.5 as an apt example. In the 1990s, report reveals more money spent advertising Chanel No.5. It has been estimated, tolerate year, that more than $20 million is spent annually on marketing for Chanel No.5. In last year the sale revenue for Chanel No.5 was 1.809 billion. (Nessymon, 2012) We have to acknowledge that there are many factors in mind of users which induce them to purchase a particular perfume. nearly of these factors are aroma, price, packaging, brand loyalty, quality and habit. Therefore, the prime objective of my study is to analyze the gear up of various factors on buying appearance of users.MethodologyThis research is conducted by Qualitative research. Qualitative research methods contained three parts Elite interview, Generic interview and Observation. Firstly, 1 sale person at Churchill Square in Brighton and ii more sale people at Selfridges & co has been interviewed with some questions about what are the factors will influence the user for purchasing per fumes and their personal view on the hypothesis of this research has been asked. Secondly, 20 female consumers at Selfridges & co have been interviewed by Generic interview with their opinion on user buying behavior towards perfumes and agree or disagree with the hypothesis. Furthermore, an observation had carried out at outside of Churchill Square, which observe the number of women who were wearing perfumes out of 50 women who passed by the door of Churchill Square. In the meanwhile, their age ranges were being observed.ResultsResults of observationOutcome of observation outside of the Churchill Square was 31 out of 50 passers-by who is women wearing perfumes. Their age is that it looks like among 15-year-old and 30-year-old.Results of generic interviewThe following picture gives the information of generic interview with 20 respondents about rating of importance factors when you purchase a perfume. The rating is from 1 to 5(1 for least important and 5 for just about important) wit h six factors (Aroma, Price, Packaging, Brand, Quality and Habit). picIt obviously shows that 17 respondents see aroma is one of the most important factors will influence their purchasing decisions, while only 1 person think fragrance is not an essential factor. Most Respondents think price may influence their decisions that not quit essential, therefore most rating gather somewhat 1,2and 3. Both 12 respondents rate 3 and 4 for packaging and habit. Last, most people rate 4 and 5 for both brand and quality. picThis pie chart reveals that 57% of respondents will be influenced by discounts or free gifts, while another 43% are in the other side. picAs can be seen from the above picture 6 respondents consider samples of perfume counters not influence their choice, but 9 more respondents consist samples of perfume counters can or may influence their decisions. Then there are 10 respondents consider advertisement or brand ambassador can affect their buying behavior and one more responde nts do not think so. Last, all my respondents use the famous brand perfumes, like Chanel, Dior, YSL, GivenchyResults of elect interview with three sales peopleThree sales people are interviewed with question about what will influence consumer buying behavior. Three of them are all thinking aroma is important. Consumer is not going to buy something that hearts bad. Scent is a powerful tool for beauty brands, especially for perfumes. Additionally, they all think that most consumers are not care about the price of perfumes, because they think perfume plays a role of necessities in most peoples daily life or most consumers buy it as a gift. Then, one of them mentioned ingredient is important. Whether is this perfume suitable for sensitive skin persons or not.Besides, one of three think beautiful package, advertisements and brand story are all including commercial way, it has impact on sale numbers but not actually essential, especially for uniform level brand perfumes. While, anothe r two sales trust advertisements or brand can influence consumers buying decisions. Furthermore, one of them mentioned color of perfume in any case is a factor for consumer buying towards perfumes. most consumers will come and say they hope to have a perfume with green color or they rent a yellow one. They do not think free gifts can influence consumers decisions. One of them said when a consumer buy a perfume, he or she always can get a huge number of perfume samples. But discounts can attractive more consumers.DiscussionAll the above the analysis, the hypothesis is true. There are various reasons may influence the user for purchasing perfumes. No doubt, aroma is important. Consumers are not going to buy bad tonus beauty product. Scent is a powerful tool for beauty brands, especially for perfumes. Besides, Scent can directly affect the mood of consumers. Nobody wants to buy a bad fragrance perfume and lead them into a sadly mood. Marketing is another cannot be ignoring factors . Almost half per cent respondents think advertisement or brand ambassador would influence their decisions. Also perfume companies invest much money on advertisements and take many actions build brand loyalty. In addition, all my respondents are all use perfumes with famous brand. Like Chanel, Dior, Givenchy, YSL. It reveals more investment on advertisements attract more consumers. But competition for same level brand. When you go to Harrods which is a very famous shop mall located in London and all perfumes show in Harrods are famous with high quality.If in the lead go there you do some research and want to buy a perfume which is one famous singer uses or is a very world-known brands. Sadly, you forget the name of the brand or the package of perfume. You also can pick up one suitable perfume without that information when you walking around the perfume gallery. Perfume is not same as clothes or shoes. People do not need follow fashion trend to buy perfumes they just need choose one most suitable one for themselves or pick up one suitable perfume use in a suitable atmosphere. However, there are some fans will buy same perfume as their favorite singer or actors due to they want to closer with their idols. Thus, marketing is secondary. Except aromas and marketing, there are other factor has effected on buying behavior towards perfumes. 23% respondents never change the brand of their perfumes shows that habit has the impact on buying decisions.41 per cent of respondents change perfumes seasonally reveals that weather, life experiences or mood may change peoples taste or necessary of different fragrances. Additionally, age is one of other factors. Like many young ladies may choose the Chanel but many ripened ladies prefer the old brand perfumes. Color of perfume also can change consumers buying decisions. If my packaging and claims are blue, does my product smell blue? Successful products make these full-circle sensory connections clear to consumers. Price is not a sensible impact factor and free gifts or discounts may development volume of sales but is small. Therefore my hypothesis is true. Fragrance is key factor for purchasing and marketing is secondary. However, it also exits many other factors can effect consumer buying actions.ConclusionThis research is reliable. But it exits several problems in my research. Firstly, I do the observation at weekend and outside of a shopping mall. Some people just use perfumes during workdays or use it only at weekend. Besides, I may neglect someone who is using a real discolor fragrance. Thus the data is not very precise. Actually, I need take a quantitative research. Secondly, my research did at Selfridges & co and Churchill Square. Both of these two shopping centers are for high shopping level consumers. It means most respondents have similarity economic background and most of them use perfumes of luxury brand and do not really care about price or quality (as quality is the same). They also may m ore concentrate on brand story. Last, the clean-cut buying actors towards perfumes can vary from different culture background and different countries. However, this research is reliable due to the result collected would be same or similar if another research with the same hypothesis is carry out.RecommendationFor my research, I should do a quantitative research. Such as do an on-line(a) survey. My observation should not only do outside a shopping center at weekend, I need do more at different locals and time. For perfume companies, we have to acknowledge that aroma is a key factor for consumers. Marketing (advertisement and brand ambassador) for perfume is secondary important. Although it not as essential as the clothes, shoes or other fashion products.As my first research is based on perfume of famous brand, it shows advertisements have tiny impact on product sales. But for lower brand it may opposite. Thus, I should do further research including diverse levels of brand. Then per fume manufactories should distill perfume from infixed intergradient. They should take some actions related color of perfumes and package to fragrances of perfumes. This piece of research shows young ladies whose age between 15 and 30 buying behavior towards perfumes, but females on distinct ages with diverse life experience may have different consuming actions. I need collect information from wide age period.BibliographyA SENSORY JOURNEY FRAGRANCE IN BRANDING 2012, Global Cosmetic Industry, 180, 5, pp. 48-54, Business Source Elite, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 declination 2012Chanel (2012) Marilyn and N5 wrong Chanel Available at http//www.youtube.com/user/chanel?feature=results_main (Accessed date 2012/11/27)PR, N (2012), Going shopping for a fragrance? Dont know what to choose? Let the Certified Fragrance Sales Specialist be your guide, PR Newswire US, 21 June, regional Business News, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 December 2012PR, N (2012) The commodious Valentines Day Gift Dilemma Question Wh at Gift Says It All, Does It All, in One Pretty Package? Answer Fragrance, Fragrance, Fragrance, PR Newswire US, 2 February, Regional Business News, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 November 2012.Statistic Brain(2012) Perfume Industry Statistics Available at http//www.statisticbrain.com/perfume-industry-statistics/ (Accessed2012/11/28)FRAGRANCE FOCUS 2012, Global Cosmetic Industry, 180,8, p.12, Business Source Elite, FBSCOhost, viewed 1 December 2012.Nessymon (2012), Analyzing Advertising Chanel No.5 The Film Available at www.nessymon.com (Accessed December, 2012).

Rabi’a Al-Adawiyya

Rabia al-Adawiyya is recognised as the first female Saint of Islam due to her major role in the archaeozoic maturation of Islam, specifically, the expansion of Sufism. It was she who focused on a rigorous austereism that required complete abandonment of unmatchables worldly pleasures in order to take a route one from the fear of fossa and enter the passionate love and devotion for God. Her belief in this notion Muhabbah (Divine Love) and her dismissal of materialism became a strong prestigiousness throughout her teachings and poetry.Additionally, her incomparability from the traditional female ideology of the time period challenged the specific roles of gender as delineated by Islam. It latter became widely accepted indoors the Sufi movement that women had gained a greater role within the righteousness due to Rabias actions and influences. The Sufis are not an ethnic or religious group, but a mystical movement that is found all over the Islamic world and that still has a deep influence on the varied populations of the Middle East. Sufism searches for a direct mystical knowledge of God and of his Love.Its finishing was to progress beyond mere intellectual knowledge to a mystical (existential) experience that submerged human beings in the infinity of God. Sufism had an important part in the formation of Muslim societies as it educated the masses and met their felt needs, giving spiritual meaning to their lives and channeling their emotions. The goal of the sufis is to reach a strong amalgamation with Allah (their god) through love and trustworthy faith. Mahabba or Love as it is kn receive, is a noble state that God has bestowed as a quality belonging to the creation, through this love, he has has touched that who seeks him.Rabia al Adawiya, believed that Gods love is at the core of the universe and that we need to feel that love in all we do. Walking through the streets she was seen carrying a bucket of water in one hand and a burning candle in the oth er. When asked why, she said I want to set fire to heaven with this flame and put out the fire of hell with this water so that people will cease to reverence GOD for fear of hell or for temptation of heaven(stated in myclasses notes). With the divine love that she felt towards her God, she obviously felt the comfortability that she would be able to smorgasbord the fates of men, meaning that with the bucket and he torch of fire she would extinguish the burning flames of hell and light the federal agency to heaven. Her prayers became widely used among Sufism today and is one of the way that her prayer had contributed to Islam. In particular an excerpt of her poem My Greatest Need is You is an example of how she was able to bring forth this personal connection when she states O Allah I cant live in this world/Without remembering you Through this example, the poetry of Rabia was highly important as it allowed the individual to identify with her teachings on a more personal, thus por traying the ultimate significance she had on the religion it ego.Rabias use of simple language and the very prominent concept of Heaven and underworld in Islam are extremely helpful in understanding the focus of her work. She uses a very simple structure and does not hide her meaning groundwork metaphors. Overall, her work is short, but sweet and succinct. Rabias goal as a Sufi was to give up worldly want, remove the fear of hell and the desire of Heaven all for the love of God. The main idea in both of her poems is that God is all one needs. This idea is commited in selection 47. go along the goods of this world to Your enemiesGive the treasures of Paradise to Your friends- But as for me- You are all I need (Upton, 47, lines 5-7). These lines communicate Rabias beliefs plainly. Worldly possessions are what keeps ones spirit limited to this earth, and thus cannot achieve oneness with God. The person is too caught up with material things to gain the ideal closeness with God. Para dise is something frequent believers are after, seeing that as the end, but in reality the love of God is what they should be seeking. Her unambiguous writing style makes these ideas available to everyone.These ideas advocated by Rabia are not necessarily esoteric, but things that all believers should know and follow. (stated by Rabia Al-Adawiyyas Poetry A Tool of Communication. The Writing on the Wall) The first Sufis were ascetics meaning the self disciplined themselves and meditated on the Day of Judgement. They were called those who always weep and those who see this world as a hut of sorrows. They kept the external rules of Sharia, but at the akin time developed their own mystical ideas and techniques.As Sufism isnt a variant of Islam, it is a part of Islam by a way of approaching the entire religion as a whole. As Cambridge professor Margaret Smith explains, Rabia began her ascetic life in a small desert cell near Basra, where she lost herself in prayer and went straight to God for teaching. (By Kathleen Jenks, Ph. D. ) Rabia was In the branch of sufism that is known as Divine Love, from several ways of practising the religion. Within the Sufi traditions, the recognition of this truth has advance the spiritual maturation of women in a way that has not always been possible.As the mystical side of Islam developed, it was Rabia, who first expressed the relationship with the divine in a language that refers to God as the Beloved. Rabia was the first human being to speak of the realities of Sufism with a language that anyone could understand. Though she experienced many difficulties in her early years, Rabias starting point was neither a fear nor desire, but only love. The influence that Rabia had to the adherents of Islam was her concept of divine love and for one to become completely self-giving in order to amalgamate with Allah.With the reward being his garden but instead she makes mention that she only choses his love and to become one with him. Rabi a al-Adawiyya played a vital role in the development of the Islamic religion as a whole as she selflessly and utterly amalgamated solely to Allah. Her way of ascetic and simple lifestyle became a guide of Muhammads message to live simple with the focus on Allah rather than luxury. This teaching is reflected through the ascetic ethics of Islam, where they believed they could attain a spiritual connection with God while still alive through secluded prayer and utter devotion and true faith.Her devotion to Allah was reinforced through her her practice of Salat one of the five pillars, a religious ritual that is undertaken by adherents five times a day. withal this obedience was again established by her refusal of several marriages. Being single, Rabia caused concern for some Muslims, as Islam places much emphasis on family as the key throng in society. When asked why she did not marry, Rabia replied The marriage knot can only tie one who exists. Where is existence here? I am not my ow n I am his and under his command. You must ask permission from him. Reaffirming her commitment to God, stating that no man shall come between her and her faith. The faith that Rabia had together with her absolute amenability to Allah, the adherents of Islam can clearly depict a lifestyle that will structure their lives in a positive manner in order to reach a spiritual enlightenment. The influence of Rabia towards the religion not only affected its system by her being a women, but it showed the possibility of God being present through love instead of commands, allowing the religion to grow and for the Sufi movement to germinate in the hearts of its adherents.BIBLIOGRAPHY1- King, R, Mooney, J, Carnegie, E, Smith, H, Johns, A, Johns, D, Pattel-Gray, A, Hollis, S, McQueen, K. (2008). Cambridge, Studies of Religion, Stage 6. Cambridge university press. London.2- Morrissey, J, Mudge, P, Taylor, A, Bailey, G and Rule, P. (2005) Living Religion third Edition. Parson Education. Melbourne.3 - Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D, 17 September 2009, Graphical Regions, Pacifica Gradute Institue, viewed on 23rd May 2011, http//www.mythinglinks.org/NearEast3monotheismsIslamRabia.html4- Widad El Sakkakini, 1982, First Among Sufis The behavior and Thought of Rabia al-Adawiyya, The Octagon Press, Great Britain.5- Margaret Smith, Rabia The Life & Work of Rabia and Other Women Mystics in Islam Oxford Oneworld, 1994.6- Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane The Nature of Religion, translated by Willard R. Trask New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1959.7- Azzad Muna, June 13, 2002, Rabi al-Adawiyya, Gopshop, viewed 17th May 2011, http//www.paklinks.com/gs/religion-and-scripture/43432-rabia-al-adawiyya-basri-earliest-femalemuslim-mystic.html.8- Mr.Jier, 2010, HSC Year Topic 3 Islam Depth Study Rabia and Ethics, myclasses, viewed 24th May 2011, http//www.allsaintscasula.catholic.edu.au/myclasses/Class,102612021849191.

Payroll system for thesis Essay

IntroductionThis chapter present the introductory part of the take on about accounting system in DMMA COLLEGE OF southerly PHILIPPINES. The subprogram of this study is to ensure that the project will support the business requirement in accounting and improve better service to the employee in DMMA COLLEGE OF southerly PHILLIPINES. This study is conducted by Mary Ann Ivy Bautista, and Sheeneryl Lacay. We ar proposing this study to the accounting department of DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. Since the DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is using office manual system in jump out and they are thinking about creating a database to make payroll easily, and that would lessen their time in creating payroll to their employee.Background of the studyAccording to the student handbook, DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES was established in October 1993, and was formerly known as the Davao Merchant Marine Academy (DMMA). write up is the system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and report the results according to Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Technology today is fast changing many business company try to adopt the changing engine room like DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES in order to stay competitive.Computers have the great impact on the profession of accounting. The program also allows the 15 days payroll schedule to be calculated accurately. Just by having all teachers and employees information like name, wages etc to enter in the database. Therefore, payroll can be done with the guide o f the program. The system is good in the fields of accounting specialty. It is easy to use, effective and efficient in calculating the payroll. In addition this study aims to recrudesce a reliable and manageable computerized payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES for a better manageable of a business. pop ContextPurpose and DescriptionObjectives of the ProjectScope and Delimitations of the Pr ojectScopeThis study is designed to invent a Computerizes payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. It covers the process of preparing the pay slip of each employee, the reparation and part time employee, keeping of record safety and computing the exact wages of each employee. Including the stored report list of employee such as Monthly Salary, fundamental Pay, Teaching, Adjustment, Overtime, Allowance, Course Manual, Rice Allowance, Gross Pay, Net Pay, Deduction such as SSS Premium, Withholding tax, Cash Advances, SSS Loan, PAG-IBIG Loan, MAXICARE, Sunlife, PhilHealth, Absences/Tardiness, Canteen Advance, SEAMPCO and other like Grepalife, Mandug Lot, LLS IOU, HSBC Loan, MLCR IOU, Pag-ibig hold Caritas, AUO Rice. The proposed Payroll System for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is expected to generate Pay Slip of Employees, 15 days pay period. The system will be network to the HR, Accounting department, and Cashier.DelimitationThe proposed Payroll System for Dm ma College of southern Philippines does not support online program or online transaction.Significance of the ProjectThe proposed system will help the accounting fragment of Dmma College of Southern Philippines especially the Payroll maker/bookkeeper and the Finance Officer. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the payroll maker/bookkeeper in preparing payments of employees. The system develop can accommodate changing figures by well design database.Definition of TermsPayroll SystemA payroll system is a computerized technique that is used to calculate the sum of salaries employees who need to be paid in an organization.CompanyA business enterprise firm.EmployeeA person employed at a wage or salary.RecordA document that contains an account particularly in terms of appealingness.ServiceContribution to the welfare of others.DatabaseAn integrated collection of data which provides a more efficient way of storage and retrieval of data and is capable of processing large portion s of data immediately.SystemA bent-grass of related lots that produces specific results.TechnologyIt is the study of practical or industrial arts.Review of Related LiteratureIn less than a generation, computer technology has revolutionized businessall over the world. This has brought about changes in the area of business,finance, industry, government, agriculture, education, health care, sports and even on our personal lives. Today, computers do much of the works. Datacollection continues to become easier and easier, data processing is getting instant(prenominal) and faster, mathematical calculations continue to be performed with increased precision and information is being provided to users in generally more useful forms. Such that was made possible through the use of electronic files and database.This chapter presents some of the previous related works relevant to the understanding of the problem.In order to gather information, the authors usedbooks, thesis and encyclopedia. Th e wide spread tuition of digital technology also results to parallel advance in software, which allows this technology to be used by persons other than computer experts. The database has become a central organized framework for information system, taking advantage of the concept of data independence that allows sharing among diverse system Organized collection of data retained and used with the aid of management information system (mis). It is a state of the art information system process and retrieves information ever faster they are more robust in terms of the volume of data that they can process and in terms of reliability and their performance is more cost-effective. The central component of information system, the database may be distributed over a number of processor in different geographic locations, yet queries can processed simultaneously against the coordination compound database

Drug Use and Delinquency Essay

Drug uptake and Delinquency Response Adolescents may try drugs just to experiment or by feeling pressured into move the drug by other family members or friends. Drug use among adolescences may lead to delinquency for the feature that an adolescents behavior most likely started before the start of drugs or alcohol. I will give a brief explanation on reasons for delinquency and drug use starting with reasons adolescents may start exploitation drugs or alcohol and then describe how drug use may relate to delinquency.According to studies adolescents who see substance abuse gave several reasons in why they turned to drugs or alcohol such as my friends pressured me or I wanted to feel good and get high, to have a good snip with friends, or to escape from my problems (Titus, Godley & White 2006, p33. ). Adolescents may also be influenced by other negative events that may be happening in the adolescents life.Research typically shows the reasons related to starting drugs or alcohol is peer-social behavior, dealing with negative conditions or feelings, or achieving a satisfying state (Titus, Godley & White, 2006). Studies reveal peremptory and negative emotions in the understanding of deviant behavior in youths. Most teenagers generally use drugs for happiness however the adolescents who may become addicted say they are unhappy with past decisions or live situations (Brunelle, Cousineau, & Brochu, (2005).There could be many factors in how drug use becomes related to delinquency for example by having family conflict inside the house it could lead to an adolescences delinquency such as damaging property or the start of substance abuse. Research shows adolescents with less supervision and monitoring, more family conflict, and weak parent/child addition most likely is at more risk in delinquency and drug use (Fagan, vanguard Horn, Antaramian & Hawkins 2011).

Digital Television †Is It Advancement?

Digital painting recording is becoming a international trend with a startling pep pill. Following the lead of North America and Western Europe, a host of countries in eastern hemisphere/South Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe argon also hastening the epic shift from analog to digital video recording. It is predicted that approximately 1 trillion people exit be viewing digital charge telly by the end of this year. At the current pace, n azoic 38 percentage of the worlds TV ho riding habitholds will be receiving digital foretells by 2010 (Informa Telecoms & Media, 2007, p. 2).Underlying this technological gold rush is an array of remark able features that digital transmit hand overs interactivity, multi driveway capacity, underground to interference by other communicates, superb audio-visual qualities, and quasi-universal interoperability with other media that recognize digital language. These outstanding qualities atomic number 18 founded upon the ethyl ether of digital engineering the binary codification (comparable to the dots and dashes of the telegraph code), which converts data into a bitstream of energys and anes (Owen, 1999, p.151).Since digital engineering empennage break d cause virtually any type of information (print, painting, music, sound, photography) into a uniform code of bits and bytes, it is at once possible to establish universal compatibility among mingled media. As Timothy Todreas (1999) observes, text, graphics, audio and video employ to be inwardly the purview of separate industries print, radio, and boob tube localise respectively. erst digitized bits whoremonger commingle effortlessly. Content can run down the same distri entirelyion path and can be utilize interchangeably (pp.78-79).Paradoxically, the atomize-ability of digital technology precipitates digital convergence, in which all the sophisticated traditional media taxonomies and typologies will become muddied and in the end obsolete. excursu s from the universal connectivity of digital video recording with neighboring media, there ar a few other properties of digital video recording audio/visual excellence, multichannel capacity, and interactivity. The digital television is capable of delivering superior audio/video musical n single compared to its analog counter single-valued function.However, the enhanced audio/visual fidelity of digital television is best exploited in a combined use with the Hi-Definition television organization, an advanced method of injecting televisual signals onto the screen in a more than more precise fashion than that of its predecessors, the NTSC and PAL transcriptions. Contrary to common belief, high- interpretation television is non an immediate outcome of the digital television system, although electronics makers, distributeers, and politymakers of the digital television excitedly promote it as digital televisions head distribution channelr.There are multiple, probative reasons behind the deliberate passing of high-definition television as the figurehead of digital television, especially in a Nipp unitaryse context. Compared to analog signals, digitized information takes much less bandwidth, i. e. , much less channel capacity to portion out content per unit of magazine. This technical thriftiness is an end result of the compression technology that can dawn out redundant data and squeeze more data into a given bandwidth. The economic use of bandwidth means greater space to fit more convey, which ends the distribution bottleneck (Todreas, 1999, p.79) common to analog formats.The fast abundance of bandwidth leads to an explosion of channel outlets, metamorphosing the television patience structure. The interactive function of digital television is moreover another(prenominal) benefit of the efficient use of bandwidth. A broadened bandwidth not scarcely increases the volume of channels and the velocity of information but also alters dickens- focussi ng traffic. With expanded two-way interactions amongst sender and receiver, digital television could transform the modality of publicize from a linear, unilateral communication to a cyclical, bilateral single.Apparently, the level of go over for the user is strictly limited by the choices go awayd by the software programmer. However, the interactivity of television will incrementally open novel modes of socio-economic and cultural interactions (Video-On-Demand and T-commerce, for instance) among the user (Swann, 2000). Still, all the perks of digital television dont come without costs and shortcomings. The multiple channels of digital television could inspire program diversification and perhaps contribute to a socio-cultural diversification.In fact, critics and viewers accept already become disillusioned by the promise of channel multiplication, for it has impoverished, rather than improved, the program quality and originality in a way similar to what bank line television di d in the U. S. Likewise, the interactive functions of digital television could turn into a blight rather than a blessing. Tony Feldman (1997) posits that interactivity runs the risk of giving the users so much power in ascertain their own experiences of content that the only message conveyed is the one the user chooses to receive.The let go ofdom to chart your own course, therefore, can emasculate as readily as it can liberate (p. 18). Development of high-definition television The question of high up definition television came up in the early 1970s when Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), the Nipponese Broadcasting Corporation, go ond the possibility of high-definition television. The technology was first upriseed by the Japanese to promote a better quality throw than previously available, and in 1978 NHK came up with two impertinent high-definition television systems. One of them was an 1,125 line system, the other a 2,125 line system that was transmitted by satellite (Fisher & Fis her, 1996).Japan started the high-definition television movement in 1970 and spent over one billion dollars on its phylogeny by mid-1990 (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). In the early 1970s the major players in the effort to produce HDTV were Sony points, Panasonic, Ikegami, and NHK. Most of the engineering was undertaken by Sony and NHK adjudicateed the concept over the air. Panasonic and Ikegami (along with Sony) developed cameras, video record recorders and other equipment needed for an entire HDTV package. Philips, the Dutch equipment manufacturer, developed a new HDTV system called Eureka in the early 1970s.The system scanned 1,250 horizontal lines at 50 frames per chip, with the same 16 to 9 manifestation ratio as the Japanese system. This system was sometimes referred to as Vision 1,250 (Gross, 2000). The American television industry was finally waking up and coming out of the doldrums it had been in since the early 1970s. The Japanese occupation had already taken over televisio n, VCRs, and the stereo railway line. It looked as if they would also become world-leaders in the development of HDTV (Fisher and Fisher, 1996).The US was behind in the development of HDTV over Europe and Japan. The Defense expound pledged to spend $30 million dollars on the technology. The Defense Department sanctioned the spending of this capital partly because the superior picture quality would have application for military reconnaissance and pilot didactics (Hart, 2004). The House Telecommunications Subcommittee held a hearing with the intent to insure that this new technology would flourish in the endure together States (Gross, 2000).The electronics industry is in a high stakes race. A 1989 government report stated that the join States stood a chance to lose 2 million jobs, and suffer a $225 billion dollar yearbook trade deficit by the year 2010 if the US does not produce a coherent scheme to compete in the HDTV and associated industries (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). During the Reagan era an industrial syndicate agnizen as Sematech wanted to campaign the linked States to become the leading technological manufacturer of the computer chip. This chip is used in HDTV.Chipmakers are of vital importance to the overall well being of the electronics industry. They represent the USAs largest manufacturing championship, with revenues for 1989 of $300 billion dollars. This is a business that is larger than the steel industry, aerospace, and the automobile industry combined (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). The American Electronics Association (AEA) wanted funds in US government loans, grants and loan guarantees to further produce and improve HDTV. They felt once the government attached itself that deeply it could not pull out (Hart, 2004).The AEAs attempt to persuade the government to enter into a government-industry consortium failed. It was an ambitious program to form a consortium to develop the next-generation of HDTV sets. The plan attracted only nominative sup port in Congress. The Bush administration actively opposed the idea. It received vocal support from the industry but no financial commitments (Hart, 2004). The Bush administration wanted to pull the plug on the high tech industries. Washington was determined to cut the $10 million dollars pledged for look and development of HDTV in 1989.It also wanted to cut all federal support including the $100 million dollars it pledged for research and development in 1991. The Japanese manufacturers of semiconductors are encouraged by their government to spend 50 percent more on research and development of the chip. This is often subsidized by the Japanese government. This is more money spent on chip development than its US counterpart (Hart, 2004). In 1977 the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) formed a study group to investigate HDTV in the United States.As early as 1973 an 1,125 see line HDTV system was shown to engineers with CBS supporting the system. By 1980 SMPTE recommended using a system of about 1,100 scanning lines per frame and an interlace system (Fisher & Fisher, 1996). Since the US decided to take the lead in HDTV development the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) sponsored the movement by creating The Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service (ACATS). This was headed by former FCC Chairman Richard Wiley (Schreiber, 1999). ACATS declared an open competition to care create a usable HD service for the US.The FCC requested those involved with this project to submit their proposals to the FCC for approval. Shortly by and by that 23 proposals were turned in to the FCC. All of them were in analog format (Schreiber, 1999). Many of the inventors felt that digital would not become available until the 21st century. Also numerous broadcasters were not interested in creating a new system that was not matched with their existing system, since that would require them to invest heavily to create a new market form (Fisher and Fish er, 1996). CBS was the first network to actively pursue HDTV (Hart, 2004).This was unusual since at that time the broadcast networks had less money to invest in high cost program. In part some of this was due as a result of the viewing auditory senses shifting over from the broadcast networks programming to the cable stations. The loss of viewers to home VCR playback and rental movies, satellite deli genuinely(prenominal) of Direct-TV, DBS and pay cable services also accounted for viewer erosion (Hart, 2004). In 1981 the Japanese company NHK was prodded by CBS to come to the United States to demonstrate their HDTV system.Members of CBS and SMPTE met with the Japanese in San Francisco, California, at the St. Francis Hotel at an annual television conference. The demonstration was very successful. The viewers were impressed with the NHKs systems extraordinary resolution, rich saturated color and abundant screen monitors and projection television pomps (Hart, 2004, p. 92). The gen eral feeling of the people attending the conference was that the HDTV system broke all constraints of television picture quality imposed on them by the aging NTSC color ensample.In 1983, based on what they dictum at the conference, the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC) was formed. Their goal was to improve the quality of video and develop new cadences in technology. They were also instructed to come up with a recommendation for a usable HDTV measure for the United States by the jump off of 1985. They were to present this standard to a subcommittee of the International Consultative radiocommunication Committee (CCIR) which would set a world standard (Hart, 2004). The ATSC is a committee largely do up of engineers. In 1984 it had a yearly budget of $250,000.They decided to work on three parallel ideas to service improve the overall picture performance of US television. One group called the improved NTSC group headed by RCA Laboratories Kern Powers, worked to improve t he present standard by improving studio and transmission system equipment and the television receivers. other group called the enhanced group investigated new production and transmission systems that still used the 525 scanning lines and a 4 to 3 aspect ratio. They also sought to produce a better picture through and through different signal formats (Fisher & Fisher, 1996).The third group worked on HDTV at the CBS Technology Center and intimately examined the Japanese NHK type of HDTV. This system would produce doubly as many horizontal and vertical scanning lines as the NTSC system and would have an aspect ratio of 5 to 3 (Fisher & Fisher, 1996). Their goal was to have an HDTV standard that they could present to the FCC by the spring of 1985. Their standard would be compatible with NTSC, PAL and SECAM and they could transfer their video to 3 5 mm film for theatrical release (Dupagne & Seel, 1998).By March of 1985 ATSC did have a standard they felt they could present to the FCC. They picked 1,125 scanning lines as their standard because it was a compromise between twice the 525 NTSC standard, which equals 1,050 and twice 625 lines (used in Europe) which is 1,250. The system would also have a two-to-one interlaced scanning, a 5 to 3 aspect ratio and scan at 80 fields per second. This scanning rate was the only source of controversy, since the NTSC used 60 per second and most of Europe used 50 per second (Fisher & Fisher, 1996).The Europeans felt it could not be used by them because conversion could not take place without some degradation of picture quality. The Japanese approved of it since most of their experiments were conducted in a 60 field per second rate (Hart, 2004). By January of 1988 the ATSC voted on an HDTV system of 1,125 scanning lines, 60 hertz HDTV, 16 to 9 aspect ratio production standard. The vote approved of this standard 26 for and 11 against, with 8 abstaining. The Association of Maximum Service Telecasters (AMST) and the national Associ ation of Broadcasters voted against the new standard (Dupagne & Seel, 1998).Late in 1987 the FCC steering committee submitted a list of five proposed guidelines in which to raise, or solicit, the funds from the participating companies involved with the development of HDTV. The most important guideline of the proposal was that no one source contributes more than 15 per cent of the total, private funds raised, according to the FCC (Hart, 1994, p. 216). In 1989 the American Electronics Association predicted that HDTV would r apiece the mass market by 1999 and that it would take until the year 2002 to reach 10 percent market penetration.They stated that HDTV would be megapixel, doubling the horizontal and vertical resolution of present television, with around 1,200 scanning lines by about 800 points across and close to a million pixels per screen. It was believed at this time that early HDTV sets would be expensive, large, projection TVs that would sustain their way into sports bars be fore they are current in private homes (Helliwell, 1989). It was the dawn of the digital age. The leap from analog to digital could be as touch as that from black and white to color. (Dupagne & Seel, 1998, p. 67).By 1990 General Instrument Corporation claimed it had perfected the first all-digital method of transmittal an HDTV signal that would be compatible with conventional broadcast channels. That year the FCC announced that it would select the new United States HDTV standard after extensive testing from applicants from six systems including European, Japanese and American companies (Hart, 2004). On may 24, 1993 the Grand Alliance was formed. The four leading pioneers of USAs quest for a high definition picture joined forces. General Instruments-DSRC, AT+T/Zenith, Thomson/Philips, and MIT were the companies that formed this alliance.The purpose of the Grand Alliance was to combine the various parts of their four separate systems into one complete system. This way they would produce a single, all-digital HDTV transmission system. The four HDTV systems that each company produced separately (before the alliance) had a good picture in a 6 Mhz channel, but none of them were deemed good enough to be considered the single acceptable standard (Dupagne & Seel, 1998). The new Grand Alliance systems comprised 1080 active scanning lines with 1920 pixels per line, interlaced at 59.94 and 60 fields per second, and a 720 active line with 1280 pixels per line, forward scanning at 59. 94 and 60 frames per second. Both formats operated in the progressive scanning mode at 30 and 24 frames per second.The system used MPEG-2 video compression and entrance systems and Dolby AC-3, 384 Kb/8 audio. It also used the 8-VSB transmission system developed by Zenith. This system was overpoweringly approved by the ATSC membership. The old analog NTSC television will someday cease to exists as we know it. In its place high quality digital TV and HDTV will capture a larger and larger share of the market (Dupagne & Seel, 1998).The ATSC believed that its HDTV standard would rule the land-based-over-the-air broadcast not only in the United States but in the northern hemisphere, and even in a few Asiatic countries as well. Europe, Japan and Australia are going to have a different HDTV standard from the USA. Americas standard uses an eight-level vestigial sideband (8-VSB) 6- Mhz modulation for its over-the-air transmission. The European, Japanese, and Australian systems use an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system (Strassberg, 1998). But politics intervened and a world wide standard was not to be.Different parts of the world will all have their own high definition standards. All the different formats will have more scanning lines than the present NTSC system, but they will not have the same number of scanning lines as each other. Therefore, conversion will be necessary between each countrys systems (Hart, 2004). When the people involved in trying to set up a standard for HDTV moved from the chaotic to a more organized collaboration the trade strategies did not keep pace with the development. There was a consensus among the manufacturers that HDTV would never happen, or at to the lowest degree it would be on a smaller scale than predicted.In Japan their HDTV development was stunted because of a lack of attractive programming. In Europe HDTV was abandoned because there was no consensus among programmers, signal providers, and the earthly concern (Hart, 2004). Both Mexico and Canada have refused to sign off on the channel assignments granted to the US stations in bordering areas. This will lead to a clouding up of the signals in those parts of the states. Detroit had to delay its planned digital/HDTV delivery launch on November 1, 1998, because of signal mix-up (Stern, 1998). The Thompson Manufacturing Company emphasized that the success of HDTV will largely wait on the broadcaster.Though HDTV sets are being manufactured i t will depend on the number of hours of high definition signal that is being transmitted out there, to pull the audience to the television screen (Hart, 2004). . The FCC and HDTV By 1990 the FCC decided that the HDTV signal would have to fit into one channel. The Japanese were suggesting that the US use their MUSE (Multiple Sub-Nyguist Encoding) system. This system would use one channel for the picture and another channel with information to boost it to HDTV level (Schreiber, 1999). By Congressional order the FCC has assigned a second TV channel to each of the nations 1,600 television stations.Each of these stations will now be able to twist digital signal service to the public. It will be up to the broadcasters as to what kinds of services to offer and in what format they wish to transmit in (Hart, 2004). Originally and so FCC Chairman, Reed Hundt, wanted to vendue off the HDTV channels. The proposal for this auction was and so introduced to Congress by Senate Majority Leader, B ob Dole. But, baleful lobbying by the broadcasters quickly killed the bill (Schreiber, 1999). Regulators were considering adding 30 Mhz, or channels 2 to 6, to the spectrum that broadcasters will be using when the shift to digital TV is completed.By the year 2002 the analog channels will be returned to the government. The FCC will then auction these returned channels off to prospective buyers. Congress and the White House expected this auction to raise somewhere around $5. 4 billion dollars. If broadcasters are given this additional 30 Mhz this would set the FCC back by about $2 billion dollars (Schreiber, 1999). When the analog channels are no thirster in use by the broadcasters and they are auctioned off, they will be used for non-broadcast use such(prenominal) as mobile phones, two-way paging, and wireless Internet access (Schreiber, 1999).The broadcasters will transmit both the existing NTSC analog signal on one channel and the new HDTV signal on another channel. This way the existing analog TV sets will not be rendered useless immediately. The FCC adopted this simulcast plan where each existing television station would be assigned a second 6-Mhz channel for the analog TV and a channel for HDTV service (Schreiber, 1999). On Thursday April 3, 1997, the FCC approved by 4 to zero the biggest advance to broadcasters since the 1950s when color was introduced to television.The government announced that it was giving away to broadcasters free air-space. Critics of the FCC felt that giving this free air-space, without having the stations pay for it, was the biggest government give away of the century. To the 1,600 stations in this country this is an estimated $70 billion dollar gift of free channels (Schreiber, 1999). To create the necessary channels needed for HDTV the spectrum space was taken from UHF stations of channels 14 or higher. The government has had a history of set aside unused channels in the past for the broadcasters.The government will be taking these channels back and making them available to fire, police, rescue, and other public safety groups (Schreiber, 1999). By November 1, 1998 the FCC ruled that the networks must perplex to broadcast a digital signal. At first only the top 10 markets will get any of the new ATSC digital signals. Only about 5 hours of broadcast high definition signal will be available. The stations will be free to broadcast as little, or as much HDTV signal as they deem possible. By 1998 the first true high definition television sets were available for sale on the open market (Hart, 2004).The roots of HDTV lie in a 1996 decision by the FCC to require broadcasters to transmit two signals, one in analog (NTSC) and one in digital. The FCC required that broadcasters continue broadcasting the analog signal until the year 2006, although the deadline can be wide if digital grows too slowly in popularity. The FCC gave each TV station a second broadcast channel for digital signals used for the new HDTV progr amming (Schreiber, 1999). There has been some indication that the HDTV signal does not work as well as it was predicted, or promised, to work.The November 1, 1998 launch date for HD signal was to deliver crystal clear images and CD-quality sound. And it did, but only 40 percent of the time. After a test in Washington, DC, in 1998 it was found that a majority of the time the televisions using indoor antennas could not display a high definition image. It was an all or nothing at all thing with over-the-air digital signals. Test results stated that with terrestrial transmission, broadcasters and set manufacturers will be even more reliant on cable operators to reach their potential viewers (Schreiber, 1999).For someone who sets up their HDTV receiver during the winter months when the leaves are off the trees, there are some who did not receive a signal in the spring when the new leaves appeared. Often the first time a potential customer views an HD television set they have to become ac customed to some surprising effects. As a result of the image compression techniques that are used to squeeze such a high-resolution picture into a 6 Mhz channel there are no noticeable defects in the picture until there is motion on the screen.The unchanging backgrounds appear in stunningly clear detail, but when an object moves the picture momentarily blurs and develops a jam like image around the moving object (Strassberg, 1998). The bugs are still being worked out, but as it stands the first person to purchase a high definition TV set will not be sure it will work with an antenna, and they wont be able to connect to cable (Strassberg, 1998). Industrial Policy, regime and HDTV In October 1988, the American Electronics Association (AEA) released a report forecasting the effect of HDTV on the U. S. thrift and technological prowess.This report heightened fears of contrary threats to the domestic consumer electronics industry. A string of Congressional hearings followed. In May 1989, the AEA issued a second report, which included a recommendation for $1. 35 billion in government assist (Hart, 2004, pp. 157-9). This was necessary, argued the report, to make American companies competitive with their international competitors. The resulting semipolitical fall out could have hardly been anticipated. The second AEA report was the proverbial last straw in a very heated ideological contest over American industrial indemnity.One side of the argument feared that U.S. firms were unfairly disadvantaged against international competition because many foreign companies enjoyed generous subsidies from their governments, which often had much more cohesive industrial policies than that of the U. S. The other side argued that the best way to ensure American success could only be accomplished through the competitive do work of a free market, which is what drove the American innovative spiritnot government mandates and livelihood. These differing positions were soon bec ame part of a political battle between Capitol Hill and the Bush Administration (Bingham, 1998).The position of the latter was influenced by a stand against industrial policy taken by Bush during a campaign speech, where he declared, I oppose the federal governments picking of winners and losers in the private sector. Thats known as industrial policy (Hart, 1994, p. 221). The debate had been percolating for some time. Just prior to the second AEA report, Senator Al Gore (D-Tenn. ) had been the most recent of a list of legislators to introduce yet another bill designed to spur HDTV development and displace the Whitehouse towards a more proactive domestic industrial policy.The bill was motivated in part by Gores unhappiness with Secretary Mosbacher, who had refused to attend a hearing by his Science Subcommittee (Bingham, 1998). Not all within the industry favored the Congressional push for government assistance. The Electronic Industries Association (EIA), whose membersunlike the AE Aincluded foreign have companies as well as U. S. companies did not support government subsidization for fear they top executive not get a piece of the proverbial pie (Bingham, 1998). Philips and Thompson lobbied vigorously against this legislation.They argued that their system shouldnt be put at a disadvantage just because they were European companies. After all, their American subsidiaries provided American jobs just like their American owned counterparts, and their system, if chosen, would benefit the American public just like the other systems (Hart, 2004). This illustrates the problematic nature of industrial policy provided you do decide that it is even in Americas best interest to subsidize companies, how do you then rationalize subsidizing those very competitors all over again?Yet, if you do subsidize U.S. and not foreign owned companies, you still risk disadvantaging American workers (Bingham, 1998). As a consequence of the political battle over industrial policy, the Bus h Administration developed an anti-HDTV policy. Secretary of Commerce Robert Mosbacher, who had initially supported the promotion of a arduous HDTV policy, became a critic of such policies as a result of the political fallout. In one Congressional hearing, he criticized the industry for holding back research in hopes that it might get funding from the government (Hart, 1994, pp.221-222).The second AEA report came at the climax of the battle. A focal point of the battle was DARPA, which had begun an inaugural to fund HDTV technology in the public sector for dual use purposes (i. e. encourage technologies that provide significant benefits to both the defense and civilian sectors) (Bingham, 1998, p. 110). By the end of May, the White House had ordered a halt to pro HDTV industrial policies, and Craig Fields, a vocal supporter of DoD funded HDTV development, would eventually be dismissed in April of 1990.Interestingly, in the midst of all this fallout, Al Sikes, former head of the NTI A and a big proponent of HDTV, became the new Chairman of the FCC in August of 1989. However, the nomination had actually been submitted before the political battle over HDTV had escalated (Dupagne & Seel, 1998, p. 184). The introduction of digital helped alleviate the conflicting goals of progress versus compatibility, by go an option so significantly advanced that it superseded the goal of compatibility.The conflicting goals reflect the much broader conflict between the FCCs dual mandates to promote and police. It is interesting to keep in mind, however, that new technology was not the only constituent in this move. After all, the FCC actually chose to pursue an HDTV approach vis-a-vis a more compatible EDTV approach at least two months before, GI revealed its digital system (Hart, 2004). It might be very easy to lay the problems of adoption that have resulted from choosing a digital system, which was not compatible to NTSC, at the feet of the FCC.We could job that commissioner s were unable to grasp the complexities and significance economic principles or the staff was to rigid in its thinking to find a truly innovative solution to the problems already discussed. However, the fact remains that the move towards DTV was also made by industry participants. The FCC could not force manufacturers to propose a system they did not want (Hart, 2004). Once full digital HDTV had been achieved, many manufacturers voluntarily scrapped their analog systems in order to pursue digital systems. In making this choice proponents were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control.They could not afford not to choose a digital system following GIs breakthrough the risk that the public and officials would perceive such systems as technologically inferior was too great. Digital threatened the successful adoption of any analog system, regardless of the outcome of the contest. In the end the analog systems failed to compete adequately with the digital systems anyway (Hart, 2004). outcome Now era of analog broadcast television in the United States will end as the nation completes its transition to an all-digital system, which is set on February 17, 2009 (dtv.com).The veneration of HDTV as the single source of spectacular televisual experience and as the epitome of digital television is a necessary mythology for the joint endeavor of the broadcasting industry, HDTV manufacturers, and the MPT to move digital broadcasting in the world forward. HDTV is, by definition, a unique(predicate) type of television receiver that provides higher resolution than the NTSC standard by way of compressing, storing, and delivering a greater amount of image and sound information than previous transmission systems.There are a number of competing HDTV standards, and unlike common mis/conceptions, not all HD televisions are digital. Nor does the digital HDTV necessarily guarantee a better audio-visual fidelity than the analog HDTV. Additionally, HDTV is not the sole founda tion of the audio-visual grandeur of the digital television system. Technically, not all HDTV can assist or accommodate diverse functions (e. g. , interactivity) that the digital broadcasting service would normally offer. Nor can all digital television receivers, likewise, convey as good a picture quality as a HDTV would proffer.As the digitalization of broadcasting became an irreversible national policy of U. S. in 1990s, electronics companies tended to blend the two technical specifications, manufacturing only digital HDTV sets. And as the digital HDTV becoming a norm in the industry, digital television and HDTV are often used interchangeably, regardless of their technical and conceptual differences. Digital TV alone could enhance audio-visual quality to a capacious degree, since it involves no mediation of transmission towers or ground cables, thereby decreasing the chance for the deterioration of broadcast signals.Accurate or erroneous, the adoration of HDTV as the end-all and be-all of visual excellence would place the entire edifice of digital broadcasting in U. S. on a pedestal. More specifically, it is expected to have a dramatic shock on the viewers awareness of digital broadcasting, and consequently, adoption of more advanced, multifunctional digital TV sets. As the audience is exposed to the crisp, vivid images of HDTV, they will see a compelling reason to switch to digital broadcasting. A wide and speedy diffusion of digital HDTV is a prerequisite for the energetic growth of digital broadcasting and a barometer to measure such growth.Second, digital HDTV sets are considered an axial item for the reinvigoration of U. S. s economy led by the three engines the AV equipment industry, electronics manufacturing, and online business. With many years of rigorous R&D endeavors, U. S. set down to claims its share of the global HDTV and associated A-V equipment market. HDTV is no longer a plain household toilet facility but a core IT technology, equipped with cutting-edge apparatuses, ranging from memory chips, mobile transmitters, and LCD, PLP monitors, to various paraphernalia that enable interoperability with other digital devices.Conclusively, odd it may sound, U. S. s development of HDTV is infused with what might be called techno-nationalism that has increase throughout its competition with the Japan for economic and technological supremacy. The four-decade long endeavor of promoting HDTV as the global standard has been at once a medium and a theater of the techno-economic contest between the two techno-egos. HDTV is, after all, as much a political game as a business matter as culturally intense a project as a technology-intensive battle.But this battle is not over. As the latest news report, the electronic company Sony will debut a flat-screen t flat-screen television powered by organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that require less power and space. The OLEDs result in a television picture with stronger colors and a faster response time in pixels. The television will be introduced in Japan but will not be available in the U. S. for several years. (Berhie, 2007)

The Red Wheelbarrow Analysis

The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams so a lot faces upon a crimson wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the clean chickens. The Red Wheelbarrow compend Our speaker reflects on how important a certain personnel casualty barrow is. This grave mound is wet from a recent rain, and there happen to be white chickens hanging out with the wheelbarrow. The End. The Red Wheelbarrow succinct Line 1 so often depends * Our speaker doesnt say much depends or things depend or I depend, he says so much depends. That so makes us feel the gravity of the situation. Its as though our speaker genuinely wants and needs to drive the point home. The verb depends is a strong one too, and one that allude a that whatever is being depended upon is a lovely big deal. Line 2 upon * Upon what a pretty preposition. And an important one too. So important, in fact, that it gets its precise own line. * Visually (on the page) the runner line of the metrical composition (which is way b imestrial than this line) actually looks like its resting upon the upon of line two. The depression linedependsupon this second line. Hehe. Line 3 a red wheel * A brand new couplet. Were dying to know what so much depends upon drum roll, please. So much depends upon a red wheel. * A red wheel?We arrestnt seen too many an otherwise(prenominal) red wheels in our days. * The use of the word red really gets our imaginations going, for virtually reason. We hear the word red all the time, besides for many reason, this color really sticks out in this poem. Why do you see that is? Line 4 barrow * Oh Its a red wheelbarrow, not a red wheel. Our speaker incisively chose to split the word wheel and barrow up and didnt put a dash between them. * By splitting up the two pieces of this word, our speaker makes us think about(predicate) the fact that a wheelbarrow is composed of two distinct parts the wheel and the barrow (the part you load stuff into).In some ways, we feel like this coup let looks like a wheelbarrow. * OK, now that weve figured out what so much depends upon, were dying to know what kinds of things depend upon a red wheelbarrow. Um, dirt could depend upon a wheelbarrow. Six-year-olds who like to be pushed around in wheelbarrows could depend upon a wheelbarrow. A person who likes to do heavy gardening could depend upon a wheelbarrow. * What else could depend upon a wheelbarrow? It might help to do some research on wheelbarrows. App bently, theyve been around for almost 2,500 years and were invented in Ancient Greece. Why is it important that this particular wheelbarrow is red? The redness factor seems to play a huge part in just how cool this wheelbarrow is. Line 5 glazed with rain * A new couplet * The word glazed makes us think of a shiny, glossy, glassy surface. Our wheelbarrow is sparkly from the rain. * Who left this VIP wheelbarrow out in the rain? Talk about neglect. If we owned a red wheelbarrow upon which much depended, we would take best(p) c ar of it. * But the idea that it is glazed with rain makes us think that it looks pretty snappy. Line 6 water Again, we have a one-word line, making it seem like the first line of this couplet (line 5)dependsupon this partition line. * Again, our speaker decides to split up the word rainwater into its equal parts rain and water. Why would he do this? Perhaps to re thought us that rain is composed of water? Line 7 beside the white * A new couplet Here, were introduced to yet another snappy preposition beside. * Were given some more development about where our red wheelbarrow is and about the things around it. Apparently, our red wheelbarrow is standing beside something white. Talk about one colorful poem. We see the color white all the time in our daily lives, simply theres something modified about this white, just as there is something special about the wheelbarrows red. These colors are cohesive out in our minds. Line 8 chickens * The wheelbarrow is not alone Thank heave ns. There are chickens to hang out with. * We think it is interesting that the speaker refers to these chickens as the white chickens and not as some white chickens or the chickens. He wants to describe them very carefully and very precisely. These are some special chickens. Again, the second line of this couplet looks (visually) as though it were retention up or supporting the first line, emphasizing the idea that so much depends upon the wheelbarrow. * Are these chickens part of the so much that depends upon the red wheelbarrow? What kind of relationship do you think these chickens have with said wheelbarrow? In a charge of the Metro byEzra Pound The apparition of these faces in the throngPetals on a wet, black bough. In a Station of the Metro heavyset A man sees a bunch of faces in the tube and thinks they look like flowers on a shoe point branch. In a Station of the Metro Summary Line 1 The apparition of these faces in the crowd * The poet is watching faces appear in a herd metro ( metro) station. * You wouldnt know it scarce from reading the poem, but were in Paris, which means that everyone looks really nice. * The poet is trying to get us to see things from his perspective, and the word apparition suggests that the faces are becoming visible to him very suddenly and probably disappearing just as fast. They almost look like ghosts. If youve ever been in a crowded subway, then youre probably familiar with this phenomenon. By calling them these faces, he puts us right there in the metro station, as if he were pointing his finger and saying, Look * The station must(prenominal) be pretty full, because there is a crowd. Line 2 Petals on a wet, black bough. * Although he doesnt say so, the words looks like are implicit at the start of this line. The faces in the crowd look like flower petals on a wet, black bough. * A bough is a big tree branch, and the word, in case youre wondering, is pronounced bow, as in take a bow. * When is a tree bra nch wet and black?Probably at night, after the rain. A Paris subway, on the other hand, is always wet and black. * Now, were going out on a limb here (pun ), but he may be seeing the faces reflected in a puddle over black asphalt. Or it could just be a more general sense of wetness. At any rate, the faces in the subway are being compared to flowers on a tree branch. * Another fact to keep in mind is that Japan is famous for its beautiful flowering trees, and considering that this poem is written in Japanesehaikustyle . . . well, heck, he might just be thinking of a Japanese tree. HelenBYH. D. All Greece hates the still eyes in the white face, the lustre as of olives where she stands, and the white hands. All Greece reviles the wan face when she smiles, hating it deeper still when it grows wan and white, retentiveness past enchantments and past ills. Greece sees unmoved, Gods daughter, born of love, the beauty of cool feet and slenderest knees, could love indeed the maid, only if sh e were laid, white ash amid funereal cypresses. Summary The narrator extolmentsHelenfor her beauty, which he compares to a ship bringing a weary, wayworn rover to his home.Her classic beauty has reminded him of ancient times, and he watches her stand like a statue while holding a stone lamp. Analysis In To Helen, first published in 1831 and revised in subsequent years, Poe displays an early interest in the theme of female person beauty to which his later works often return. He wrote this poem in honor of Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Rob, although he later wrote a different, longer poem of the same name to Sarah Helen Whitman. Jane Stanard had recently died, and, through his writing, Poe sought to thank her for acting as a second mother to him.The Helen of the 1831 poem embodies a classic beauty and poise, and by using Jane Stanard as the inspiration, Poe celebrated the latter woman as one of his earliest loves. Although Poe never explained why he change d Jane Stanards name to Helen in the poem, one possible interpretation is that he intended to connect her to the famed Helen of Troy, who sparked the Trojan War of HomersIliadbecause of her beauty. The proportionality of the poem shows a definite classical influence, with Poes elevated diction and his look at references to the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome. He also praises Helens beauty by describing her hyacinth hair and classic face, details that are associated with ancient standards of the female ideal. If Poe indeed intended for the name Helen to refer to Helen of Troy, then he has given his character high praise indeed. Along with the ambiguity of Helens name, the identity of the narrator is also in question, as he does not have a name or much of a physical presence. He refers to himself as the alliterative weary, wayworn wanderer who has returned home, drawn to Helens alluring and comforting hearth.Poe may have intended the narrator to be a direct refl ection of himself, who as a boy felt more welcome in Jane Stanards house than in other environments. At the same time, he may have sought to depict the narrator as an archetypal man, who like all other men found a nurturing source in a womans home. Otherwise, the narrator might be akin to a victorious Greek warrior who, like Homers Odysseus, has returned from some repugn overseas. The social occasion of the female in To Helen is multifaceted.In one sense, Helen guards the home hearth in the traditional domestic role of caregiver while displaying a faithful attachment that recalls the idealized love ofAnnabel Leein Poes eponymic 1849 poem. Simultaneously, Helen is the protagonists guide and inspiration who brings him back from the lonely seas, and her depiction as statue-like with an agate lamp characterizes her as steadfast and dependable. Finally, there are mentions of Naiads, or ancient Greek water nymphs, and Psyche, the mythological woman who represents the soul and who marrie s Eros, the god of love.These twin allusions show the concordance between Helens outer and inner beauty. As is typical with many of Poes poems, the rhythm and rhyme organization of To Helen is irregular but musical in sound. The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each, where the end rhyme of the first stanza is ABABB, that of the second is ABABA, and that of the third is ABBAB. Poe uses soothing, positive words and rhythms to create a fitting tone and atmosphere for the poem. His reason out image is that of light, with a brilliant window niche and the agate lamp suggesting the glowing of the Holy Land, for which Helen is the beacon.